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1
Q

Argumentation

A

Communicative process of advancing, supporting, criticizing, and modifying claims so that appropriate decision makers may grant or deny adherence.

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2
Q

Claim

A

A statement you want other to accept and act on.

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3
Q

Adherence

A

Informed support of others for a claim.

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4
Q

Appropriate Decision Makers

A

Those necessary for the ultimate implementation of an argumentative claim.

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5
Q

Proposition

A

A claim that expresses the judgment that decision makers are asked to accept or reject.

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6
Q

Support

A

Whatever communication is necessary and available to secure adherence/ what it takes to get others to accept and act on your claim.

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7
Q

Factual Claim

A

Can be observed and measured in the material world.

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8
Q

Value Claim

A

A subjective claim (best, worst, etc.) that asserts quality of something/ someone.

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9
Q

Policy Claim

A

Tells a person or agency how to behave.

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10
Q

Stasis Theory

A

Rhetorical method for coming up with appropriate arguments in determining the nature of a given situation. A question of fact, of definition, of quality, or of policy.

Fact: does the issue exist/is it real?
Definition: What is the meaning or nature of this matter?
Quality: Is it a serious concern? Who is affected? What are the costs?
Policy: What actions should be taken? What policies are needed to resolve the issue?

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11
Q

Ethos

A

appeals to credibility and ethics
builds a sense of trustworthiness, fairness, and respect

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12
Q

Pathos

A

appeals to emotions
invokes emotions like fear, pity, love, anger, etc.

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13
Q

Logos

A

appeals to logic
utilizes facts, statistics, testimony, examples, or narratives

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14
Q

Pathos 2

A

Strategy where a writer tries to generate specific emotions in an audience to get it to accept a claim.

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15
Q

Artistic Proof

A

Support for an argument based on principles of reason and shared knowledge rather than on facts and evidence.

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16
Q

Inartistic Proof

A

Support for an argument using facts, statistics, eye witness testimony, or other evidence the author finds rather than creates.

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17
Q

Ethos 2

A

The self image a writer/speaker creates to define a relationship with readers/listeners. Most try to establish an ethos that suggests authority, fairness, and credibility.

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18
Q

Knowledge (Phronesis)

A

Ability to establish ones credibility based on their knowledge or wisdom on the topic (good sense).

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19
Q

Intention (Arete)

A

The morals or virtues behind your argument (good character).

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20
Q

Communication (Eunoia)

A

Building trust and goodwill with your audience (likeability).

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21
Q

Logos 2

A

Uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince an audience to accept a claim.

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22
Q

Logic

A

Formal study of reasoning.

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23
Q

Reason

A

Statement that expands a claim by offering evidence to support it.

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24
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Process of thought in which particular cases lead to general principles.

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25
Deductive Reasoning
Process of thought in which general principles are applied to particular cases.
26
Degree
Arguments that use degree rely on reasoning that expresses the extent or level of an issue through comparison.
27
Analogies
Gives an argument and compares it to another to give a reference to help explain it.
28
Precedent
Rely on an earlier event as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances.
29
Good Reasoning
Reasons that are good enough to warrant adherence to a claim. May be a statement of fact or another claim (personal authority, power authority, moral obligation, social pressure).
30
Formal Logic
follows patterns of deductive logic rules-based argumentation that codifies language deals with form
31
Informal Logic
follows patterns of inductive logic typically dialogic, mix of many forms of an argument loose guidelines deals with content
32
Syllogism
Structure of deductive logic in which correctly formed major and minor premises lead to a necessary conclusion.
33
Ethymeme
Syllogism with one term understood but not stated.
34
Fallacy
Flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect. -Error in reasoning, not factual error
35
Rhetoric
All available means of persuasion.
36
Rhetorical Analysis
Critical reading of an "artifact" to understand and critique how they function.
37
Classical Orientation
hook, intro context, background preview body, positive proofs rebuttal, negative proofs conclusion, call to action
38
Rogerian/Invitational Arguments
no need to persuade understanding opposing positions view both sides as valid look for compromise and win-win solutions
39
The Toulmin Model
claim grounds/data warrant backing qualifiers rebuttal/reservations
40
Visual Rhetoric
Use of visual elements to communicate meaning. ethos - specific design elements logos - help communicate relative importance of issues pathos - colors and images elicit emotional responses
41
The medium is the message.
The form of a medium embeds itself in the message, creating a symbiotic relationship by which the medium influences how the message is perceived. By Marshall McLuhan
42
Public Sphere
print, oral, physical where private citizens gathered as a public body rationality vs spectacle
43
Public Screen
takes tech seriously important public discussions happening on screen makes new forms of social participation and protest
44
Image Event
staged acts of protest designed for media dissemination.
45
Multimodal
Communication that uses more than one medium to convey the message.
46
post-truth
Era where people are more likely to take on info based on ethos and pathos rather than logos. Objective facts are less influential
47
Developing a Factual Argument
1. identify an issue 2. research your hypothesis 3. refine your claim 4. decide which evidence to use
48
Academic Argument
The audience is well informed about the subject, clear and compelling point, somewhat formal style, and follows conventions of usage, punctuation, and format. Developing the Argument 1. Choose a topic you want to explore in depth. 2. Familiarize yourself with the conversations happening around that topic. 3. Assess what you already know and what we need to learn 4. Develop a claim and take a rhetorical stance: Reporter, Critic, Advocate 5. Identify and consider your audience 6. Scrutinize your evidence: Summarize primary arguments, Analyze its importance, Evaluate the quality and credibility, Synthesize the results, Summarize the strengths + weaknesses 7. Set up a system of documentation 8. Develop an annotated bibliography (optional) 9. Establish a tone and style 10. Draft, feedback, edit, proofread
49
caveat
standard conventions for argumentation are changing, new modalities and formats are taking shape
50
abstract
brief summary of an article
51
Formal Definitions
dictionary definitions, the formal definition of a word. (denotative meaning) suggestions or associations that surround most words, extending beyond literal meaning (connotative meaning)
52
Operational Definitions
identify an idea or object by what it does or what conditions create it.
53
Definitions by Example
establish whether something or someone belongs to a particular category.
54
Negative Definitions
attempt to define something by establishing what it's not.
55
Argument of Evaluation
in which the claim specifies whether something meets the established criteria. Developing the Argument 1. formulate criteria (essential qualities, specific, synthesized) 2. making claims (strong and specific, followed by reasonable qualifications) 3.presenting evidence (decide what is relevant, build strongest points)
56
Quantitative v. Qualitative
Quantitative: criteria can be measured, counted or demonstrated; hard evidence; more logos Qualitative: criteria must be explained through language and media; narratives and constructions; more pathos ethos; draws on values, traditions, and emotions
57
Causal Argument
seeks to explain the effects of a cause, that causes of an effect, or a causal chain. State a cause then examine it's effects: In arguments about policy (predict the effects of passing legislation) Ex. gun regulation, Elon Musk taking over twitter. State an effect then trace back to causes: see and phenomenon and ask why? Ex. high vaccine rates in indigenous populations. Arguments that move through a series of links: relationships based on linked causal connections, Ex. poverty cycle Developing a Causal Argument 1. Explore possible claims 2. Define causal relationships 3. Support your point
58
Sufficient Cause
enough for something to occur on its own
59
Necessary Cause
required for something to occur
60
Precipitating cause
brings on a change
61
proximate cause
immediately present or visible cause of action
62
remote cause
indirect or underlying explanation for action
63
reciprocal cause
one factor leads to a second, which reinforces the first.
64
Argument by Proposal
where the claim is made in favor or opposing a specific course of action; focus on policy or practice -call for change -focus on future -center on the audience "A should do B because of C." policy: more specific practice: more broad Format 1. Define a need or problem 2. Make a strong and clear claim 3. show that it addresses the need or problem
65
Rhetorical Situation
relationship among topic, author, audience, and other contexts that determines or evokes an appropriate response
66
Confirmation Bias
tendency to accept or agree with or search for information from sources that confirm what you already believe.
67
Attribution Bias
tendency to attribute motives or reasons for behaviors to a personality trait rather than a situation
68
Infotention
To describe digital literacy skills of managing technology we use and synthesizing the info we find online.
69
Circumstantial Evidence
Indirect evidence that suggests that something occurred but doesn't prove it directly.
70
Synthesis
Critical thinking where the writer identifies patterns, themes, and connections among sources.
71
Using Sources
1. Context 2. Review literature 3. Introduce a term or define a concept 4. Present technical material 5. Develop or support a claim 6. Highlight differences or counterarguments
72
Paraphrasing
Put author's ideas into own words, demonstrating you understand its significance.
73
Summarizing
Record the gist of the source. Identify primary claim, state significance, and use your own words
74
Paul Graham's "How to Disagree" pyramid
Name Calling Ad Hominem Responding to Tone Contradiction Counterargument Refutation Refuting the Central Point
75
Four Step Refutation
1. Restate 2. Refute 3. Support 4. Conclude
76
Quotations: when to use?
1. author's wording expresses the point so well changing it would weaken it 2. authority supports opinion so powerfully with their own ideas 3. authority challenges or seriously disagrees with others in the field
77
Signal Phrases
Introductory phrases that signal a direct quote.
78
Bullshit Detection
-Triangulate: look for other credible sources to corroborate a claim. -Use fact-checking websites. -Practice lateral reading.
79
Ways to Find Relevant Research
Google Search Library Databases and Librarians Google Scholar and Google Books FOI Requests The Internet Wayback machine
80
Fact Checking Resources
Politifact Factcheck.org Washington Post Fact Checker Snopes Scicheck Media Bias NPR FactCheck
81
Intellectual Property
Expression of ideas you find in works produced by others that you then use to advance or support your claim.
82
Academic Integrity
Phrase that describes principles of honest and moral behavior
83
Arguments about the past, present, and future
Past (forensic, judicial) facts or judgments about the past; establishes blame or fault Future (deliberative) collaborative, speculative, basis is projections and predictions Present (epideictic, ceremonial) address widespread values, beliefs, and assumptions
84
Assessing Sources
relevance hyperlinks credentials stance accuracy level of specialization length documentation audience availability omissions

COMM 1270 (2 decks)

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