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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction of a relationship between independent and dependent variables.

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2
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Easy to test prediction that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

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3
Q

Peer review

A

Appraisal of a piece of work or a specific report by an independent expert in the relevant field.

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4
Q

Plagiarism

A

Copying the work of others without acknowledgment.

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5
Q

Reduction

A

Lowering the numbers of an organism used in a study in order to minimise harm to species.

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6
Q

Refinement

A

The consideration and adoption of methods to minimise harm to a species, including improved animal accommodation and veterinary provision.

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7
Q

Replacement

A

Use of an alternative to whole organisms in a study to minimise harm to a species.

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8
Q

Replication

A

Repeating an experiment either within the study or independently to improve reliability.

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9
Q

Review article

A

Expert report that summarises all that is known about an area of interest.

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10
Q

Accuracy

A

The degree of closeness to the true, actual value of measurement.

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11
Q

Causation

A

A link between variables in which one variable is known to be directly affecting the other.

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12
Q

Confounding variables

A

Factors that influence the results of an experiment and cause mistaken associations between the independent and dependent variable to be made.

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13
Q

Continuous variable

A

Variable that can be measured and from which infinite values exist.

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14
Q

Correlation

A

A relationship between two variables that does not imply causation.

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15
Q

Dependant variable

A

Factor that is measured to obtain experimental data.

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16
Q

Discrete variable

A

Variable that must fall into clear-cut variables.

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17
Q

In vitro

A

Experimental procedure carried out in laboratory conditions using parts of organisms such as cells or tissues.

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18
Q

In vivo

A

Procedures carried out in laboratory or field conditions using entire, living organisms.

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19
Q

Independent data sets

A

Repeated data sets that are collected in different labs by different workers and at different times but under the same general conditions.

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20
Q

Independent variable

A

Experimental variable that is purposely altered by the investigator.

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21
Q

Multifactorial

A

An experiment situation in which there is more that one dependant variable.

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22
Q

Negative control

A

An experimental aspect in which the independent variable is set at zero, or at no treatment, with the aim of producing a negative result.

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23
Q

Observational studies

A

Work that is usually carried out in the field or in vivo, and usually produces qualitative data.

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24
Q

Pilot study

A

A small-scale study conducted to refine values for independent and controlled variables prior to conducting an experiment.

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25
Q

Placebos

A

Negative controls used in drug and vaccine trials that do not contain the active ingredient being tested.

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26
Q

Positive control

A

An experimental aspect set up to show that a system is capable of detecting a positive result should it occur.

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27
Q

Precision

A

The closeness of repeated measurements of a variable.

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28
Q

Random sampling

A

Sampling in such a way as to ensure that all individuals have an equal chance of being selected in order to to obtain a statistically representative sample.

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29
Q

Randomised block design

A

Experimental protocol in which the effects of potentially confounding variables can be reduced.

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30
Q

Range

A

The difference between the two extremes of a set of numerical data.

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31
Q

Reliability

A

The degree of confidence that an experimental procedure can produce consistent values.

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32
Q

Representative sample

A

A sample that shares the same mean and same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole.

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33
Q

Stratified sample

A

Dividing a population into groups or strata before carrying out the sampling to take account of a gradient, such as a slope, tidal cycle or seasonal changes.

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34
Q

Validity

A

Refers to the control of variables to produce fair testing.

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35
Q

Variable

A

Factor in an experiment that is changeable or can change.

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36
Q

Box plot

A

Graph showing a data set arranged into numerical order and divided into an upper quartile, an interquartile range and a lower quartile.

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37
Q

Error bar

A

Line through a data point drawn parallel to an axis showing the variation in the data for that point or the extent of the data for which there is 95% expectation that the true mean lies along it.

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38
Q

Line of best fit

A

Straight line drawn through a scatter plot that indicates the trend shown by the data.

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39
Q

Mean

A

Measure of central tendency obtained by summing data and diving by the number of individual items of data.

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40
Q

Median

A

Measure of central tendency obtained by identifying the middle value of a data set.

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41
Q

Mode

A

Measure of central tendency obtained by identifying the most common value in a data set.

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42
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data with descriptive values.

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43
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data with numerical data.

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44
Q

Ranked data

A

Data that has been transformed into arbitrary groups.

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45
Q

Standard deviation

A

Value given for the spread or variation in data.

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46
Q

Standard error of the mean

A

Value for the standard deviation of sample means to the overall mean of a data set.

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47
Q

Abstract

A

A brief outline of the aims and findings of an investigation.

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48
Q

Aim

A

Statement that links the independent and dependent variables.

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49
Q

Anomalous result

A

Result data that clearly does not fit in with the remainder of the data obtained; it may be discarded if sufficient doubt about it exists.

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50
Q

Citations

A

A brief statement of the origin or source of a statement or of data.

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51
Q

Discussion

A

Consideration of the findings of an investigation, including placing results into context and against existing knowledge.

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52
Q

Evaluation

A

Consideration of methods and results leading to statements regarding possible errors and including suggested improvements.

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53
Q

Chiasmata

A

A point at which paired chromosmes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and excahnge of genetic material occurs between the strands.

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54
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister cromatids of two homologous chromosomes that result in recombinant chromosomes during meiosis.

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55
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parent cell into daughter cells.

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56
Q

Hermophrodites

A

Species that have functioning male and female reproductive organs in each individual.

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57
Q

Heterogametic

A

Dissimilar sex chromosomes, e.g. XY

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58
Q

Homogametic

A

Sex chromosomes that do not differ in morphology, resulting in only one kind of gamete, e.g. XX

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59
Q

Homologous pair

A

A pair of chromosomes of the same size, centromere position and sequence of gene - one from each parent.

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60
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Inheritance of genetic information within a generation.

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61
Q

Independent assortment

A

Formation of random combinations of chromsomes in meiosis.

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62
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes located on the same chromosome.

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63
Q

Meiosis

A

The division of the nucleus that results in the formation of hapliod gametes from a dipliod gameyocyte.

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64
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of an offspring from a female gamete without fertilisation.

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65
Q

Recombination

A

The establishment of new combinations of alleles following crossing over.

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66
Q

Vegatative cloning

A

Any form of asexual reproduction occuring in plants which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or a specialised reproductive structure.

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67
Q

X chromosome inactivation

A

Random inactivation of one x-chromosome to prevent a double dose.

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68
Q

Absolute fitness

A

The ratio between the number of individuals of a particular genotype after selction to those before selection.

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69
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events or human activities.

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70
Q

Co-evolution

A

The process by which two or more species evolve in response to slection pressures imposed by each other.

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71
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiosis in which only one of the species benefit (+/0).

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72
Q

Evolution

A

The change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits.

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73
Q

Female choice

A

A mechanism of sexual selection in which females access males’ fitness and choose the males with which they will mate.

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74
Q

Fitness

A

A measure of the tendency of some organisms to produce more surviving offspring than competing members of the same species.

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75
Q

Founder effects

A

When the gene pool of a new population is not representative of that in the original gene pool; occurs through the isolation of a few members of a population from a larger population.

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76
Q

Gene pool

A

The total number of genes and their alleles in a population of one species.

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77
Q

Genetic drift

A

The random increase or decrease in frequncy of DNA sequences from one generation to the next (particularly in small populations).

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78
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

In the absence of evolutionary influcneces, allele and genotype frequncies in a population will remain constant over the generations.

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79
Q

Male-male rivarly

A

A mechanism of sexual selection in which males fight for females, often using weaponary such as antlers and tusks.

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80
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species in the interaction are interdependent on each other for resources or other services; as both organisms gain from the relationship, the interaction is (+/+).

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81
Q

Natural selection

A

The non-random increase in the frequncy of advantageous alleles and the non-random decrease in the frequncy of deleterious alleles.

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82
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiosis in which the parasite benefits in terms of energy or nutrients and the host is harmed as the result of the loss of these resources (+/-).

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83
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

States that, in a co-evoltionary reltionship, change in the traits of one species can act as a slection pressure on the other species.

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84
Q

Relative fitness

A

The ratio of the number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype to the number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype.

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85
Q

Slection pressures

A

The environmental factors that influcence which individuals in a population pass on their alleles.

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86
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Females are generally inconspicuous; males usually have more conspicuous markings, structures and behaviours.

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87
Q

Sexual selection

A

The non-random process involving the selection of alleles that increase the individuals chances of mating and producing offspring.

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88
Q

Symbiosis

A

Co-evolved intimate relationship between members of two differnt species.

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89
Q

Fixed action patterns

A

Species-species sequence of behaviours in which one behaviour leads to the next.

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90
Q

Honest signals

A

Characteristics that can indicate fitness and favourable alleles that increase the chances of survival of offspring or a low parasite burden, suggesting a healthy individual.

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91
Q

K-selected

A

Breeding strategy in species that are larger, live longer and produce relatively few, larger offspring - high parental care and high probability of surviving to adulthood.

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92
Q

Lek

A

A communal area in which two or more amles of a lekking species perform courtship displays called lekking.

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93
Q

Male-male rivarly

A

Males will fight for domainance and access to females for mating through real or ritualised conflict.

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94
Q

Monogamy

A

The mating of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others.

95
Q

Parental investment

A

Any parental expenditure that benefits offspring; it increases the offspring’s cahnces of surviving and reproductive success at the expense of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring.

96
Q

Polyandry

A

One female mates with a number of males in the name breeding season.

97
Q

Polygamy

A

Individuals of one sex having more than one mate.

98
Q

Polygyny

A

One male mates with multiple females in one breeding season.

99
Q

Reversed sexual dimorphism

A

Sexual dimorphism in which females are more conspicuous than males.

100
Q

R-selected

A

Breeding strategy in smaller, quicker maturing species, producing larger numbers of smaller offspring, limited parental care.

101
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

The differences in appearance between males and females of the same species (size etc), as a product of sexual selection.

102
Q

Species-specific sign stimulus

A

A feature or action that indicates intent, often to start courtship.

103
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Change between differnt antigens during the course of infection of a host.

104
Q

B lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce specific antibodies in response to specific antigens.

105
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

Where the niches of two species are so similar that one declines to local extinction.

106
Q

Definitive host

A

The organism on or in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity.

107
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Parasite that lives on the surface of its host.

108
Q

Endoparasite

A

Parasite that lives within the tissues of its host.

109
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the outbreak and spreak of infectious diseases.

110
Q

Extended phenotype

A

The expression of a parasite’s geneotype into the phenotype of its host by manipulating the hosts phenotype to facilitate its transmission.

111
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The niche that is occupied in the absence of any interspecific competition.

112
Q

Gametocytes

A

The precursors of male and female gametes.

113
Q

Herd immunity threshold

A

The density of resistant hosts in the population required to prevent an epidemic.

114
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes

A

Any enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a chemical bond.

115
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Injured or wounded areas become warm and red due to increased blood flow, bringing white blood cells for defence.

116
Q

Intermediate host

A

A host that is normally used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle and in which it may multiply asexually but not sexually.

117
Q

Latency

A

Viruses esacpe immune surveillance by integrating their genome into host genomes, existing in an inactice state.

118
Q

LEDC

A

Less economically developed country.

119
Q

Memory lymphocyte

A

Lymphocytes specific for a specific antigen; they are retained in the body following infection and can produce a secondary response to the same antigen.

120
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Lymphocytes responsible for destroying abnormal cells.

121
Q

Niche

A

A mult-dimensional summary of tolerances and requirements of a species.

122
Q

Non-specific defences

A

General response to infection, including phagocytosis.

123
Q

Phagocyte

A

White blood cell in non-specific defence, engulfing and destroying foreign antigens; may also present antigens to lymphocytes.

124
Q

Realised niche

A

The niche that is occupied in response to interspecific competition.

125
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Where the realised niches are sufficiently differnt that potential competitors can co-exist.

126
Q

RNA retrovirus

A

Virsues that use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to form DNA.

127
Q

Specific cellular defences

A

Activity of the immune system in response to a particular pathogen, triggered by antigens located on the surface of the cells.

128
Q

Transmission

A

The spread of a parasite to a host.

129
Q

Vaccines

A

Contain antigens that will elicit an immune response.

130
Q

Vector

A

An organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads the parasite from one host to another.

131
Q

Virulence

A

The harm caused to a host species by a parasite.

132
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

The atrribution of human characteristics or behaviours and emotions to an animals behaviour.

133
Q

Arthropods

A

Joint-legged invertebrates that are identified by their segmented bod, typically with paired appendages, e.g. Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly), wasps, butterflies etc.

134
Q

Chordates

A

Sea squits and vertebrates, e.g. birds, fish etc

135
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The independent evolution of similar feautures in different species.

136
Q

Divergent evolution

A

The process wherby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differnces, resulting in the formation of new species.

137
Q

Duration

A

The length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period.

138
Q

Elusive species

A

Species that are difficult to see because of their habitat, behaviour or rarity.

139
Q

Ethogram

A

Lists species-specific behaviours to be observed and recorded in the study.

140
Q

Frequency

A

The number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period.

141
Q

Hazard

A

Any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on an individual.

142
Q

Indicator species

A

Species that, by their presence, absence or abundance, can give information about an environmental factor.

143
Q

Latency

A

The time between the stimulus occuring and the response behaviour.

144
Q

Mark and recapture

A

Method for estimating population size; a sample of the population is captured, marked and released (M); after an interval of time, a seconf sample is captured (C) ; some individuals in the second sample are recaptured (R) ; estimate the total population (N).

145
Q

Model organisms

A

Organisms that are either easily studied or have been well studied to provide information that can be applied to other species that are more difficult to study directly.

146
Q

Nematodes

A

Also called roundworms; unsegmented thread-like body; many of them are parasitic, living inside their host, e.g. Caenorhabditis Elegans.

147
Q

Phylogenetics

A

The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.

148
Q

Point count

A

Sampling technique that invloves the observer recording all individuals seen from a fixed location.

149
Q

Quadrat

A

Square frame of known area for sampling sessile organisms along a belt transect.

150
Q

Remote detection

A

Ability to show an animal’s presence from a distance using a camera trap or scat sampling.

151
Q

Risk

A

The likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard.

152
Q

Risk assessment

A

Involves identifying risks and control measures to minimise them.

153
Q

Scat sampling

A

Sampling technique used for elusive species whereby animal droppings are collected, which provide information about species abundance and diet.

154
Q

Taxonomy

A

The identification and naming of oragnisms, and their classification into groups, based on shared characteristics.

155
Q

Terrain

A

Physical geography of the land.

156
Q

Time budget

A

The amount or proportion of time that animals spend in different behaviours, or in performing different classes of behaviour.

157
Q

Transect

A

A line or belt across a habitat or part of a habitat along which the number of organisms of each species can be observed and recorded at regularly placed stations.

158
Q

Affinity

A

The degree to which a substance is attracted and tends to bind to another.

159
Q

Affinity chromatography

A

A technique used to separate and purify proteins based on a specific binding interaction between an immobilised ligand and its binding partner.

160
Q

Antigen

A

A specific protein with which antibodies can bind in an immune response.

161
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Procedures in place to prevent contamination, including sterilising equipment and work surfaces.

162
Q

Bright-field microscopy

A

Microscopy commonly used to observe whole organisms, parts of organisms, thin sections of dissected tissue or individual cells.

163
Q

Buffer

A

A solution used to set and maintain a particular pH.

164
Q

Centrifugation

A

A process that uses centrifugal forces to separate components of different densities in a mixture.

165
Q

Chromatography

A

A technique used to separate different substances; it has a stationary phase (e.g. paper or gel) that the moblie phase (e.g. a solvent) moves through, carrying the substance being examined; different distances are moved by substances of different solubility.

166
Q

Colorimeter

A

A device used to measure the absorbance of a specific wavelength of light by a solution.

167
Q

Culture media

A

A nutrient-rich growth medium providing the basic requirements for cell growth (amino acids, glucose, salts, water, as well as specific growth factors for animal cell lines).

168
Q

Fluorescence

A

The emission of light of a different wavelength to that which was absorbed.

169
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

Microscopy technique that uses specific fluorescent labels to bind to and visualise certain molecules or structureswithin cells or tissues.

170
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Technique used to separate samples of nucleic acid and protiens by size; introduced to a gel, they move through it due to an electric current; smaller fragments move furthur than the larger fragments.

171
Q

Growth factors

A

Proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation.

172
Q

Haemocytometer

A

Microscopic grid used to estimate the total number of cells within a sample.

173
Q

Hazard

A

Anything that poses as a potential risk or threat to an individual or the environment.

174
Q

Immunoassay

A

Technique used to detect and identify specific proteins; antibodies linked with reporter enzymes, e.g. casuse a colour change in the presence of a specific antigen.

175
Q

Inoculum

A

Starting material used to grow a culture from.

176
Q

Isoelectric point

A

The pH at which a solution has no net charge and will precipitate out of solution.

177
Q

Linear dilution series

A

A series of diltions that differ by an equal interval, e.g. 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M etc.

178
Q

Log dilution series

A

A series of dilutions that differ by a constant proportion, e.g. x10^-1, x10^-2, x10^-3 etc.

179
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Stocks of identical antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen.

180
Q

Native gel electrophoresis

A

Does not contain SDS (denaturing molecule) and does not denature the molecule, so proteins are seperated by thier shape, size and charge.

181
Q

Pathogenic

A

Causing disease.

182
Q

Primary cell lines

A

A culture of cells isolated directly from animal or plant tissues; they have a finite lifespan and limited expasion capacity.

183
Q

Reporter enzyme

A

An enzyme linked to an antibody specific to a protein antigen; used in immunassay techniques.

184
Q

SDS-PAGE

A

Electrophoresis in which the gel contains SDS, which giives all the molecules an equally negative charge and denatures them, so separating proteins by size alone.

185
Q

Serum

A

Vitally important as a source of growth factors, hormones, lipids and minerals for the culture of cells.

186
Q

Standard curve

A

A garph that can be used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.

187
Q

Supernatant

A

The liquid that lies above a solid residue or pellet in centrifugation.

188
Q

Turbidity

A

A measure of the degree to which a fluid loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particles or cells in suspension.

189
Q

Vital staining

A

A technique in which harmless dye is used to stain either living tissue cells or dead cells for microscopical observation to allow a viable cell count to be made.

190
Q

Western blotting

A

An analytical technique used to identify and locate specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate extract based on their ability to bind to specific antigens.

191
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

Enzymes that change conformation in response to a modulator.

192
Q

Alpha helix

A

Polypeptide chain coiled into a helix with hydrogen bonding occuring to maintain the arrangement.

193
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

Removal of non0coding introns from a primary mRNA transcript to leave only the coding exons; several different mature transcripts can be produced froma single primary transcript.

194
Q

Beta-pleated sheets

A

Polypeptide chain arranged in rows with the chain folding in parallel or anti parallel arrangements.

195
Q

Conformation

A

Structural arrangement of the polypeptide chains within a protein; it can be altered by factors such as pH and the binding of ligands and modulators.

196
Q

Co-operativity

A

Changes in binding of a target molecule to one subunit of a multiunit polypeptide changes the affinity of the other subunits for the target molecule.

197
Q

Disulfide bridge

A

A strong covalent bond that stabilisies the tertiary and quaternary strauctures of many proteins.

198
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

A network of membrane tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane.

199
Q

Exon

A

Section of RNA that is usually retained during splicing.

200
Q

Glycoprotein

A

A protein with a carbohydrate added by post-translational modification.

201
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A series of flattened membrance discs that packages proteins into membrane- bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to thier destination.

202
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Attractions between polar molecules in which hydrogen is bound to a larger atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen.

203
Q

Hydrolases

A

A class of enzyme that use water to break chemical bonds.

204
Q

Intron

A

A section of RNA usually removed durig splicing.

205
Q

Ionic bonds

A

A type of chemical bonding that invloves the electrostatic attraction betwen oppositely charged ions.

206
Q

Ligand

A

A substance that can bind to a protein; the protein has a shape complementary to the ligand to allow binding.

207
Q

London dispersion force

A

A temporary, weak attraction between atoms and molecules.

208
Q

Lysosome

A

A modified Golgi vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes.

209
Q

Modulators

A

These bind to a secondary site on an enzyme to alter its conformation; positive modulators activate enzymes and negative modulators deactivate them.

210
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that can bind chemically to other monomers to from a polymer.

211
Q

Non-coding RNA gene

A

A gene that codes for RNAs other than messenger RNA, so does not encode a protein.

212
Q

Phospholipid

A

Component of cell membranes.

213
Q

Polymer

A

A macromolecule composed of many repeated sunbunits (monomers).

214
Q

Post-translational modification

A

Addition of different chemical group to, or modification of, a protein to allow a particular function.

215
Q

Prosthetic group

A

A non-protein unit tighlty bound to a protein and necesary for its function.

216
Q

Protein kinases

A

Catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group from a donar molecule (usually ATP) to an acceptor.

217
Q

Protein phosphatases

A

An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate.

218
Q

Protein structure

A

Different levels of arrangement within a protein.

219
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence in which amino acids are found within a protein.

220
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding occuring within a polypeptide forming alpha helics or beta-pleated sheets.

221
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Bonding of many types occuring between the R groups of amino acids within a protein.

222
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide connected together.

223
Q

Proteolytic cleavage

A

A major form of post-translational modification; it occurs when a protease cleaves one or more bonds in a target protein to activate, inhibit or destroy the protein’s activity.

224
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome; it its much larger than the genome.

225
Q

R groups

A

Side groups that allow different bonding between amino acids and give them their wide range of functions.

226
Q

Basic R groups

A

Contains an amine functional group and produces a basic solution because the extra amine group is not neutralised by the acidic group.

227
Q

Acidic R groups

A

Contains an acidic functional group and produces an acidic solution because the extra acid group is not neutralised by the amine group.

228
Q

Polar R group

A

Group that prefers to exist in water environments.

229
Q

Hydrophobic R groups

A

Composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen and tends to be repelled from water.

230
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Organelle made up of membranes with ribosomes attached.

231
Q

Signal sequence

A

A short stretch of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide that determines its eventual location in a cell.

232
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

A membranes organelle found in most eukaryotic cells; its main functions are the synthesis of lipids and steriod hormones.

233
Q

Turns

A

Secondary structure that reverses the direction of a polypeptide chain.

234
Q

Vesicles

A

Small membrane-bound compartments filled with liquid.

Adv Biology (9 decks)

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