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AL120 > Terminology/Landmarks/Preliminary Steps/Positioning > Flashcards

Terminology/Landmarks/Preliminary Steps/Positioning Flashcards

1
Q

AP

A

Anteroposterior

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2
Q

ASIS

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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3
Q

CR (has two meanings)

A

Central Ray or computed radiography

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4
Q

DR

A

Digital radiography

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5
Q

ED

A

Emergency Department

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6
Q

IP

A

Image plate

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7
Q

IR

A

Image Receptor

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8
Q

L

A

Left

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9
Q

LAO

A

Left anterior oblique

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10
Q

OID

A

Object-to-image receptor distance

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11
Q

OR

A

Operating room

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12
Q

PA

A

Posteroanterior

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13
Q

R

A

Right

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14
Q

RA

A

Radiologist Assistant

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15
Q

RPA

A

Radiology practitioner assistant

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16
Q

RPO

A

right posteror oblique

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17
Q

SID

A

Source-to-image receptor distance

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18
Q

SSD

A

source-to-skin distance

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19
Q

Anatomy

A

Science of the structure of the body

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20
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of the function of the body organs

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21
Q

Osteology

A

is the detailed study of the body of knowledge related to the bones of the body

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22
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Divides the entire body or a body part into right and left segments. The plane passes vertically through the body from front to back.

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23
Q

Midsagittal

A

is a specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves.

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24
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments. The plane passes through the body vertically from one side to the other.

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25
Q

Midcoronal

A

is a specific coronal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves (this plane is also referred to as the midaxillary plane)

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26
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Passes crosswise through the midline of the body or a body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis. This plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
It is positioned at a right angle of the sagittal and coronal plane.
(often referred to as an axial, transverse or cross-sectional plane)

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27
Q

Oblique Plane

A

Passes through a body part at any angle among the three planes (sagittal, coronal and horizontal)

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28
Q

Interiliac Plane

A

transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process (used to position the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx)

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29
Q

Occlusal Plane

A

is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed (used to position the odontoid process and in some head projecttions)

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30
Q

RUQ

A

Right upper quadrant

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31
Q

RLQ

A

Right lower quadrant

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32
Q

LUQ

A

Left upper quadrant

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33
Q

LLQ

A

Left lower quadrant

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34
Q

Mastoid Tip

A

C1

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35
Q

Gonion (angle of mandible)

A

C2, C3

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36
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

C3, C4

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37
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

C5

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38
Q

Vertebra Prominens

A

C7, T1

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39
Q

Approximately 2 inches (5 cm) above level of jugular notch

A

T1

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40
Q

Level of jugular notch

A

T2, T3

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41
Q

Level of Sternal Angle

A

T4, T5

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42
Q

Level of inferior angles of scapulae

A

T7

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43
Q

Level of xiphoid process

A

T9, T10

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44
Q

Inferior costal margin

A

L2, L3

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45
Q

Level of superior-most aspect of iliac crest

A

L4, L5

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46
Q

Level of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

A

S1, S2

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47
Q

Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

A

Coccyx

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48
Q

Ossification

A

is the term given to the development and formation of bones

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49
Q

Foramen

A

hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves

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50
Q

Arthrology

A

Study of joints or articulations between bones

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51
Q

Synarthroses

A

immovable joints

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52
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable

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53
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely moveable

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54
Q

Fossa

A

Pit, fovea, or hollow space

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55
Q

Notch

A

Indentation into border of a bone

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56
Q

Closed fracture

A

fracture that does not break through the skin

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57
Q

Displaced fracture

A

serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic alignment

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58
Q

Nondisplaced fracture

A

fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment

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59
Q

Open fracture

A

Serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin

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60
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

refers to forward or front part of body or forward part of an organ

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61
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

refers to back part of body or organ

Note that the superior surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface

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62
Q

Caudad

A

refers to parts away from the head of the body

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63
Q

Cephalad

A

refers to parts towards the head of the body

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64
Q

Inferior

A

refers to nearer the feet or situated below

65
Q

Superior

A

refers to nearer the head or situated above

66
Q

Central

A

refers to middle area or main part of an organ

67
Q

Peripheral

A

refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

68
Q

Contralateral

A

refers to part or parts on opposite side of body

69
Q

Ipsilateral

A

refers to part or parts on same side of body

70
Q

Lateral

A

refers to parts away from median plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left

71
Q

Medial

A

Refers to parts towards median plane of body or towards the middle of another body part

72
Q

Deep

A

refers to parts far from the surface

73
Q

Superficial

A

refers to parts near the skin or surface

74
Q

Distal

A

refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of body

75
Q

Proximal

A

refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward center of body

76
Q

External

A

refers to parts outside an organ or on outside of body

77
Q

Internal

A

refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ

78
Q

Parietal

A

refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity

79
Q

Visceral

A

refers to the covering of an organ

80
Q

Dorsum

A

refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand

81
Q

Palmar

A

refers to the palm of the hand

82
Q

Plantar

A

refers to the sole of the foot

83
Q

Projection

A

The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR.
(Most projections are based on the anatomic position and are defined by entrance and exit points in the body)
EX: If the CR enters anywhere in the front (anterior) surface of the body and exits the back (posterior) it is a AP projection.

84
Q

Density

A

How soft or sharp the overall exposure/image is (gain)

85
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

Sharpness, detail regarding anatomy

86
Q

Onset

A

Involves the patient explaining what he or she was doing when the illness or condition began

87
Q

Chronology

A

is the time element of the history

88
Q

Subjective

A

Data pertaining to or are perceived only by the affected individual. They include factors that involve the patient’s emotions and experiences, such as pain and its severity, and are not perceptible to the senses

89
Q

Objective

A

Data perceptible to the senses, such as signs that can be seen, heard or felt and such things as laboratory reports

90
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blueness of the skin

91
Q

Palpation

A

Is the application of light pressure with the fingers to the body (used to locate bony radiographic landmarks).

  • Proper palpation is accomplished by using fingertips.
  • Improper palpation would be using the palm of the hand
92
Q

Outpatient

A

Is someone who has come to the hospital or outpatient center for diagnostic testing or treatment but does not usually occupy a bed overnight. (Does not stay at the hospital, only comes in with scheduled appointments)

93
Q

Inpatient

A

Is someone who has been admitted to the hospital for diagnostic studies or treatment (Physically staying at the hospital)

94
Q

What is the characteristics of a sthenic body habitus? What is the percentage?

A 
Build: moderately heavy
Abdomen: moderately long
Thorax: moderately short, broad, and deep
Pelvis: Relatively small
50%
95
Q

For a sthenic body habitus, where are the organs normally at?

A

Heart: moderately transverse
Lungs: moderate length
Diaphragm: moderately high
Stomach: high, upper left
Colon: spread evenly; slight dip in transverse colon
Gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen

96
Q

What is the characteristics of a hyposthenic body habitus? What is the percentage?

A

Organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types; this habitus is the most difficult to classify
35%

97
Q

For a hyposthenic body habitus, where are the organs normally at?

A

Organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types; this habitus is the most difficult to classify

98
Q

What is the characteristics of a hypersthenic body habitus? What is the percentage?

A 
Build: massive
Abdomen: long
Thorax: short, broad, and deep
Pelvis: narrow
5%
99
Q

For a hypersthenic body habitus, where are the organs normally at?

A

Heart: axis nearly transverse
Lungs: short apices at or near clavicles
Diaphragm: High
Stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle
Colon: around periphery of abdomen
Gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel

100
Q

What is the characteristics of a asthenic body habitus? What is the percentage?

A

Build: Frail
Abdomen: Short
Thorax: Long, shallow
Pelvis: Wide

101
Q

For a asthenic body habitus, where are the organs normally at?

A

Heart: nearly vertical and at midline
Lungs: long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base
Diaphragm: low
Stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing
Colon: low, folds on itself
Gallbladder: low and nearer the midline

102
Q

More than 85% of the population has either ________ or ________ body habitus.

A

sthenic or hyposthenic

103
Q

Body habitus directly affects the location of what?

A

Heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, and gallbladder

104
Q

How many synovial joints are there?

A

There are 6 synovial joints that complete the 11 types of joints within the structural classification

105
Q

What is the Gliding joint? What’s an example of this?

A

Uniaxial movement. Simplest synovial joint. This allows slight movement. Flattened or slightly curved surfaces, most glide slightly in only one axis. An example of this would be the intercarpal or intertarsal of the wrist and foot

106
Q

What is the Hinge joint? Give an example

A

Uniaxial movement. This joint permits only flexion and extension. Motion is similar to that of a door. An example would be the elbow, knees and ankles

107
Q

What is the Pivot joint? Give an example

A

Uniaxial movement. These joints allow only rotation around a single axis. Allows movement of side to side and up and down. An example of this would be the atlas and axis of the cervical spine

108
Q

What is the Ellipsoid joint? Give an example

A

Biaxial movement, primary. Permits movement in two directions at right angles to each other. Flexion and extension occur along with abduction and adduction. An example of this would be the joint of the wrist

109
Q

What is the saddle joint? Give an example

A

Biaxial movement. Permits movement in two axes, similar to the ellipsoid joint. Its named this because the articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like a rider sitting in a saddle (two saddle like structures fit into each other). The Carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is the only saddle joint in the body. Allows movement of side to side and up and down

110
Q

What is the Ball and Socket joint? Give an example

A

Multiaxial movement. Permits movement in many axes like flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction and rotation. An example of this would be the hip and shoulder

111
Q

What is the foramen?

A

hole in a bone for transmission

112
Q

What is the fossa?

A

pit, fovea, or hollow space

113
Q

What is a notch?

A

indentation into border of a bone

114
Q

What are the four positioning terms most commonly used in radiology?

A

(1) projection
(2) position
(3) view
(4) method

115
Q

What does tangential mean?

A

Skimming, outer margin of a curved body surface, formed between the CR and the entire body or body part

116
Q

What does Axial mean?

A

There is longitudinal angulation of the CR with the long axis of the body or a specific body part

117
Q

Upright Position

A

erect or marked by a vertical position

118
Q

Seated Position

A

upright position in which the pt is sitting on a chair or stool

119
Q

Recumbent Position

A

general term referring to lying down in any position, such as dorsal recumbent, ventral recumbent, or lateral recumbent

120
Q

Supine Position

A

lying on the back

121
Q

Prone Position

A

lying face down

122
Q

Trendelenburg Position

A

supine position with head tilted downward

123
Q

Fowler Position

A

supine position with head higher than the feet

124
Q

Sims Position

A

recumbent position with the pt lying on the left anterior side (semiprone) with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed

125
Q

Lithotomy Position

A

supine position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle or knee supports

126
Q

Abduct or Abduction

A

movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part

127
Q

Adduct or Adduction

A

movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part

128
Q

Extension

A

straightening of a joint; when both elements of the joint are in the anatomic position; normal position of a joint

129
Q

Flextion

A

act of bending a joint; opposite of extension

130
Q

Hyperextension

A

forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints

131
Q

Hyperflexion

A

forced overflexion of a limb or joints

132
Q

Evert/Eversion

A

outward turning of the foot at the ankle

133
Q

Invert/Inversion

A

inward turning of the foot at the ankle

134
Q

Pronate/Pronation

A

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down

135
Q

Supinate/Supination

A

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up (in anatomic position)

136
Q

Rotate/Rotation

A

turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis; rotation of a limb can be medial (toward the midline of the body from the anatomic position) or lateral (away from the midline of the body from the anatomic position)

137
Q

Circumduction

A

circular movement of a limb

138
Q

Tilt

A

tipping or slanting a body part slightly; tilt is in relation to the long axis of the body

139
Q

Deviation

A

turning away from the regular standard or course

140
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

flexion or bending of the foot toward the leg

141
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

flexion or bending of the foot downward toward the sole

142
Q

Projection

A

describes the path of travel for the x-ray beam

143
Q

Position

A

describes the pt’s anatomy that is closest to the IR

144
Q

RPO

A

Right posterior oblique

145
Q

LPO

A

left posterior oblique

146
Q

RAO

A

right anterior oblique

147
Q

LAO

A

left anterior oblique

148
Q

The adult human skeleton is composed of how many primary bones?

149
Q

There are 5 different classifications of bones and determined by bone shape, what are they?

A

(1) long
(2) flat
(3) sesamoid
(4) short
(5) irregular

150
Q

Code of ethics is defined as

A

“a professions moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct towards others.” The code of ethics outline what is and is not acceptable within a profession

151
Q

When should you clean the exam room?

A

before and after each patient, with new, clean sheets

152
Q

What does disinfectant mean?

A

kills pathogenic microorganisms but not their spores. Disinfectants can only be used on inanimate objects.
An example of a disinfectant would be bleach

153
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

Inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the skin.

An example would be alcohol when it is used on the skin

154
Q

What does sterilization mean?

A

is a process that results in the complete destruction of microorganisms and spores. There are many different ways to achieve sterilization.
Sterilization is only used for certain surgical tools. The skin can not be sterilized because natural bacteria reside on the skin, and the processes required to reach sterilization would significantly damage the skin resulting in serious injury

155
Q

True or False?

The radiographer/student is 100% responsible for the pt and the pt care during an imaging procedure

156
Q

What is the best exam format with severely injured pt’s?

A

should be examined on the bed or cart

157
Q

What is the best exam format with moderately injured pt’s?

A

needs to be assessed for pain and maneuverability prior to determining exam format

158
Q

What is the best exam format with mildly injured pt’s?

A

exams should be executed with the equipment that will produce the best possible diagnosable image

159
Q

When working with a ill or injured pt population or the pt is unresponsive, the following should be followed:

A

(1) radiographers should never lift a helpless pt alone.
(2) if a pt must be moved, it is always important to support the pt’s head.
(3) the use of sideboards, glide bags, and other devices, along with the team approach, should be utilized when transferring a pt to and from carts/beds to the exam table

AL120 (4 decks)

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