Terminology definitions Flashcards
Proper nouns
refer to specific people and places
eg: Labrador, Granny Smith Apples
common noun
types of places, people and nouns
eg: clocks, library
concrete noun
refer to things that exist physically
eg: chairs, window
abstract noun
refer to things that do not exist physically
eg: embarrassment, justice
collective noun
refer to groups of people, animals or objects
eg: family, colony, litter
noun phrase
nouns modified by adjectives that could be replaced by a pronoun
eg: the beautiful animal → it
attributive (pre-modify) adjective
comes before noun
eg: the sudden noise
predicative (post-modify) adjective
comes after noun
eg: the highlighter is colourful
superlative adjective
demonstrates that the adjective is the most or the least
eg: biggest, smallest
comparative adjective
compare one noun to another, even if the noun doesn’t feature in sentence
eg: stronger, smaller
manner adverb
shows how a verb is being done
eg: cheerfully, slowly
place adverb
shows where the verb is taking place
eg: off, above
time adverb
shows when a verb is being done
eg: now, today
frequency adverb
shows how often a verb is being done
eg: always, never
degree adverb
shows the extent to which the verb is being done and the intensity of it
eg: quite, too
stative verb
denote a state of mind
eg: thinking, wishing
dynamic verb
denote a physical action
eg: running, sleeping
modal verb
an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility
eg: could, should
transitive verb
dynamic verb that requires an object
eg: kicked the ball
intransitive verb
dynamic verbs that don’t require an object
eg: sneeze, laugh
coordinating conjunction
join a like to a like
eg: FANBOYS for and nor but or yet so
subordinating conjunction
join subordinate clauses to main clauses
eg: although, because
first person pronouns
personal/possessive, singular/plural
eg: I, we, us, my, our
second person pronoun
personal/possessive, singular/plural
eg: you, yours
third person pronoun
personal/possessive, singular/plural
eg: he, they, his, their
main clause
known as a simple sentence, makes sense on its own
eg: he was eating a bacon sandwich
subordinate clause
depends on the main clause for meaning
eg: after we had lunch, we went back to work
coordinate clause
occur where there are 2 or more independent clauses, joining together by a coordinating conjunction, such as but, so
eg: the band played for 2 hours but i had to leave early.
conditional clause
states a hypothesis or condition, real or imagined
eg: if it rains, the picnic will be cancelled
relative clause
is one connected to a main clause by a word such as which, that
eg:i first saw her in Paris, where I lived in the early nineties
minor sentence
sentences that don’t have a subject and verb combination.
eg: be quiet, goodbye
simple sentence
must have a subject and a verb, expresses a complete thought
eg: the snow falls
compound sentence
2 entirely meaningful sentences that are joined together by a conjunction.
eg: he was singing, but he couldn’t reach the high notes of the song
complex sentence
a sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses
compound-complex sentence
a sentence with 2 or more independent clauses in, and at least one subordinate clause.
syntactical parallelism
when one clause in a sentence corresponds with another so that the sentence structures correspond with one another.
eg: he gave me a dog and he gave me a friend.
declarative sentence
statements that give information
eg: Nancy wants to be a doctor.
imperative sentence
give orders, instructions, advice or directions
eg: please set the table for tea
exclamative sentence
expressive functions convey force and end in an exclamation mark.
eg: I can’t believe it’s all over!
interrogative sentence
asks questions
eg: will it be on television?
typographical features
the features of fonts used in texts (font, colour and type)
orthographical features
features of the writing system (spelling, capitalisation and punctuation)
multimodal texts
texts that rely in the interplay of different modes (eg images, writing and sounds) to help shape meaning
active voice
subject->verb->rest of idea/object
passive voice
idea/object->verb->subject
the verb here will be past parcipital
physical context
anything in immediate area
epistemic context
what the reader knows already, background knowledge
linguistic context
what’s already been said, tone of voice
social context
the social relationship among speakers and hearers
what does GAAMP stand for?
genre, author,audience, mode, purpose
