Terminology (ch 3,4)

Question 1

What is a bond?

Answer 1

A bond is an interaction in which electrons are somehow shared between two or more atoms

Question 2

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 2

a bond in which electrons are shared between atoms (occurs in bonds in which the difference in EN of the atoms in the bond is small)

Question 3

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 3

a bond in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another (occurs in bonds in which the difference in EN of the atoms in the bond is large)

Question 4

How are atoms held together in ionic substances?

Answer 4

attractions between ions

Question 5

How are atoms held together in covalent bonds?

Answer 5

molecules

Question 6

What is a monatomic ion?

Answer 6

an ion consisting of only one atom

Question 7

What is a polyatomic ion?

Answer 7

an ion that contains more than one atom

Question 8

anions (suffix)

Answer 8

monatomic= -ide polyatomic=-ate

Question 9

Covalent compounds

Answer 9

Covalent bonds occur between atoms of equal or similar electronegativity (EN)

Question 10

What are lewis dot structures?

Answer 10

a way of representing the structures of covalent compounds (based on the octet rule)

Question 11

What is a formal charge?

Answer 11

a system of counting electrons in which all bonds are treated as purely covalent (each atom in a bond effectively “owns” one electron from the bond)

Question 12

Formal charge = # of VE in neutral element - # of electrons present

Answer 12

Fc = # of VE - # of lone electrons - # bonds

Question 13

What is a functional group?

Answer 13

a group of atoms that has predictable behavior regardless of the molecule its located on

Question 14

What is the exception to the octet rule?

Answer 14

elements in the 3rd period and higher can violate the octet rule by having more than 8 shared electrons

Question 15

What are resonance structures?

Answer 15

molecules in which bonds exist between more than two atoms cannot be directly written. Instead, a set of related resonance structures are used. The true structure of all the molecules is the average of all the resonance structures.

Question 16

“VsEpR” = valance shell, electron pair, repulsion

Answer 16

valance shell = contains the most energetic electrons that participate in bonding
electron pair = electrons normally orbitals in pairs
repulsion = electrons try to get as far away from each other as possible to reduce potential energy

Question 17

What is a hydrate?

Answer 17

a substance in which one or more molecules of water are part of the substance’s structure

Question 18

What is a chemical change?

Answer 18

a change that involves a change in the composition of one or more substances

Question 19

What is a diatomic molecule?

Answer 19

a molecule composed of only two atoms

Question 20

Electronegativity on the periodic table

Answer 20

increases up and right along the table

Question 21

What is a dipole?

Answer 21

a separation of positive and negative charge

Question 22

What is a vector?

Answer 22

a quantity with a magnitude and direction

Question 23

What is a polar?

Answer 23

has a dipole

Question 24

What is a bond dipole?

Answer 24

created when atoms in a bond have differing electronegativity

Question 25

What is electron pair geometry?

Answer 25

a family of shapes in which the difference between bonding and lone pairs is ignored

Question 26

When is a molecule nonpolar?

Answer 26

Whenever the structure of a molecule is entirely symmetric so the bond dipoles can cancel each other, the molecule is non-polar.

Question 27

Non-polar geometric shapes

Answer 27

If all of the bonds are identical, then linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedal shapes are non-polar (symmetric)

Question 28

Polar geometric shapes

Answer 28

The trigonal pyramidal and bent shapes are always polar because the lone pair(s) on the central atom prevents the bond dipoles from canceling each other (asymmetric)