Quiz 1 Terminology (ch 1,2) Flashcards by Tammy Nguyen

What is matter?

Anything that takes up space (has volume/mass)

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What is mass?

A measure of the quantity of matter

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What is weight?

A force due to gravity

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What is a substance?

A form of matter that has a consistent composition/physical properties throughout

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What is an element?

A form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical or physical means

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What are atoms?

the smallest particles of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of that substance(element)

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What are atoms made of?

protons, neutrons, electrons

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What is the charge of electrons, neutrons, and protons?

electrons (-), neutrons(0), protons(+)

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What is a compound?

a substance that is composed of two or more elements (etc: water)

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What is a molecule?

a group of atoms that are directly bonded to each other

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What are the characteristics of a solid?

-crystalline
-defines the geometric arrangement
-condensed atoms/molecules tightly packed together
-minimal atom/molecule motion

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What are the characteristics of a liquid?

-isotropic
-no definite order
-condensed
-fluid
-substantial atomic/molecule motion

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What are the characteristics of a gas?

-isotropic
-not condensed atoms/molecules widely spaced
-fluid
-high atom/molecule motions

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What is precision?

how close pieces of data are to each other (reproducibility)

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What is accuracy?

how close a piece of data is to the correct value

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What is instrumental precision?

the # of meaningful or significant figures in a measurement

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How many sig figs 0.001001

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How many sig figs 1.00

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how many sig figs 1100000

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in scientific notation how do you know which way to move the decimal

left=exponent is postitive, right=exponent is negative

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What is a standing wave?

a wave with one or more fixed endpoints that therefore can only exist at certain energies

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what is an orbital?

a region in space an electron can occupy based on its wave behavior

what are quantum numbers?

numbers that can be used to refer to a specific orbital; they represent how energy is distributed in an electron

What is principal quantum # (n)?

total energy in an electron

what is orbital angular momentum quantum # (l)?

how much an atom rotates around the nucleus

What are atomic numbers(z)?

the # of protons

What is mass number?

the # of protons and # of neutrons

How do you find the charge of an element?

The # of protons minus # of electrons

What's an isotope?

a form of the same element (same atomic #) with a different number of neutrons (different mass #)

Amu(atomic mass unit)

1 gram/ 1 mole

atomic weight=average of isotopes

(AMU)(nat. occurrence)+(AMU)(nat.occurrence)=atomic weight

Characteristics of metal

-malleable=able to be hammered into sheets -ductile=able to be drawn into wires -shiny -conducts heat/electricity

What are periods?

a row on the periodic table, left to right

What are groups?

a column on the periodic table, up and down

What are electron configurations?

a representation of how electrons fill orbitals

What is Aufbau principle?

lower energy orbitals fill before higher energy orbitals

What is Pauli exclusion principle?

a maxiumum of two electrons can occupy an orbital

What is Hund's rule?

in a set of orbitals that are equal in energy(subshell) each orbital fills with one electron first before the electrons pair up

What are main group elements?

elements in the s or p blocks that normally follow the octet rule

What are valence shells?

outermost shell of an atom that contains the most energetic electrons, which are the electrons that participate in chemical reactions

What is the octet rule?

main group elements are elements that almost always react to gain or lose electrons so atoms can have valence shell that has octet configuration (ns^2np^6)

Why do elements in the same group(column) have similar chemical behavior?

They have the same number of valanece electrons

What is an ion?

a charged particle

What is a cation?

a positively charged ion

What is a anion?

a negatively charged ion

What is ionization energy?

the energy needed to remove an electron to form a cation

What is a mixture?

a combination of two or more substance

What is a homogeneous mixture?

the mixture has a uniform composition throughout, and the components cannot be separated by simple physical means (ex: salt water, beer)

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

the mixture does not have a uniform composition and the components can be physically separated (ex: sand+water, pizza)

Ionization energy _______ down the periodic table since the valence electrons are in higher energy levels, so it takes less energy to remove them

Decreases

Atomic radius _______ down the periodic table beacuse there are more shells

Increases

Atomic radius ________ right along the periodic talbe since there are a greater number of protons

Decreases

Ionization energy ________ to the right of the periodic table because atomic radius decreases

Increases