Terminology Flashcards
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a
Before (Ante)
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p
After (Post)
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c
With (Cum)
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s
Without (Sine)
PRN
“Pro re nata” meaning “As needed”
PO
“Per Os” (Latin) or “By way of the opening”
Anisocoria
Uequal Pupils
Abduction
Away from the body
Acetabulum
Hip Bone Socket
Addisons Disease
Decrease adrenal Hormones
Aggregation
Cluster of platelets
Alopecia
Hair Loss
ALTE
Apparent Life Threatening Event
Aneurysm
Ballooning of the Artry
Antagonist
A substance that acts against and blocks an action
Antiemetic
Anti- Nausea
Aphagia
Unable to swallow
Aphasia
Unable to speak
apneustic Breathing
Deep, Gasping inspiration, Pause, insufficient Release (pons Damage)
Arachnoid Membrane
Middle Meninges
Ascities
Fluide in the peritoneal Cavity (liver Disease)
ASD (Atrial Septal Defect)
hole between R and L Atrium
Atelectasis
Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) — a complete or partial collapse of a lung or lobe of a lung
Ataxia #1
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a condition characterized by progressive problems with movement
Ataxia #2
Spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) is a progressive disorder that causes symptoms including uncoordinated movement (ataxia), speech and swallowing difficulties, muscle wasting, slow eye movement, and sometimes dementia.
automaticity
ability to do things without occupying the mind
Afterload
Afterload can be thought of as the “load” that the heart must eject blood against. In simple terms, the afterload is closely related to the aortic pressure. To appreciate the afterload on individual muscle fibers, afterload is often expressed as ventricular wall stress
Frank Starling Mechanism
As described elsewhere, cardiac output increases or decreases in response to changes in heart rate or stroke volume. When a person stands up, for example, cardiac output falls because a fall in central venous pressure leads to a decrease in stroke volume. As another example, limb movement (muscle pump) during exercise enhances venous return to the heart, which causes an increase in stroke volume. What are the mechanisms by which changes in venous return alter stroke volume?
Pre Load
Preload can be defined as the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction. Preload, therefore, is related to muscule sarcomere length. Because sarcomere length cannot be determined in the intact heart, other indices of preload are used such as ventricular end-diastolic volume or pressure.
Agonist
A substance that acts like another substance and therefore stimulates an action. Agonist is the opposite of antagonist
STEMI
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is a very serious type of heart attack during which one of the heart’s major arteries (one of the arteries that supplies oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the heart muscle) is blocked.
OODA loop (Feed back loop)
1) Observe
2) Orient
3) Decide
4) Act
Steps for Reading an EKG
Rate Rhythm P waves PR Interval QRS
Differential diagnosis:
The process of weighing the probability of one disease versus that of other diseases possibly accounting for a patient’s illness
Baroreceptor
sensors located in blood vessels that sense blood pressure and relay that information to the brain to maintain a proper blood pressure.
Barotrauma
pressure related trauma that can occur in any air filled space in the body
Becks Triad
three clinical signs of cardiac tamponade; hypotension, jugular vein dissension, muffled heart sounds.
Beta 2 Agonist
medication that stimulated the beta 2 sympathetic receptors causing bronchioles to dilate.
Bezoar:
a mass found trapped in the gastrointestinal system.
Bleb
is a blister on the surface on the lung that can rupture and leak air into the pleural space. Also name for misshapen, barely functional alveoli that develop following injury to lung tissue from long term smoking.
Bolus
a single dose of medication that is given intravenously at one time to a patient.
Bradypnea
lower than normal respiratory rate.
Bruit:
the sound of blood rushing through a damaged or constricted artery, organ, or gland; a murmur like sound present during auscultation.
BURP Maneuver
Backward, Upward, Rightward, Pressure; manually displacing the larynx to help during laryngoscop
Cushing’s triad
Cushing’s triad is a clinical triad variably defined as having: Irregular respirations (caused by impaired brainstem function) Bradycardia. Systolic hypertension (Widening Pulse Pressure)
Marfan syndrome
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissue. Connective tissue holds all the body’s cells, organs and tissue together. It also plays an important role in helping the body grow and develop properly.
Pericarditis and 12 Lead signs
Widespread concave ST elevation and PR depression throughout most of the limb leads (I, II, III, aVL, aVF) and precordial leads (V2-6). Reciprocal ST depression and PR elevation in lead aVR (± V1). Sinus tachycardia is also common in acute pericarditis due to pain and/or pericardial effusion.
How Cocaine affects the heart
How Cocaine affects the heart and cocaine heart damage
Cocaine most certainly affects the cardiovascular system negatively. Cocaine causes narrowing of the blood vessels throughout the body and increases blood pressure. This includes the blood vessels that supply blood to your heart. Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and narrowed arteries that feed your heart lead to heart attacks and death of myocytes (cells of the heart).
hiatal hernia
A hiatal hernia occurs when part of your stomach pushes upward through your diaphragm.
Flash pulmonary edema
Flash pulmonary edema. Flash pulmonary edema (FPE), is rapid onset pulmonary edema. It is most often precipitated by acute myocardial infarction or mitral regurgitation, but can be caused by aortic regurgitation, heart failure, or almost any cause of elevated left ventricular filling pressures.
what is a Sine Wave
An electrocardiogram showed a regular rhythm, with a widened QRS complex in a sine-wave configuration, and there were no discernible P waves. The T waves were fused with the widened QRS complexes (Panel A) to form the sine-wave pattern, raising suspicion of severe hyperkalemia.
hypertensive crisis
A hypertensive crisis is a severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to a stroke. Extremely high blood pressure — a top number (systolic pressure) of 180 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or higher or a bottom number (diastolic pressure) of 120 mm Hg or higher — can damage blood vessels.
rebound tenderness
a sensation of pain felt when pressure (as to the abdomen) is suddenly removed
Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy that implants partly in the fallopian tube and partly in the uterus
when do Ectopic pregnancy happen
An ectopic pregnancy may be found at any time between five weeks and 14 weeks of pregnancy (NHS Choices 2014, NICE 2013). However, it is most likely to be found at about six weeks of pregnancy, as most women experience symptoms about two weeks after they miss a period
what are the Problems that need to be treated for in a sick patient ASAP
ABC's Anaphylaxis MI Aortic Disasters Hyper K+ Hypotension
Acute epiglottitis
Acute epiglottitis is a life-threatening disorder with serious implications to the anesthesiologist because of the potential for laryngospasm and irrevocable loss of the airway. Acute epiglottitis can occur at any age. Early diagnosis with careful and rapid intervention of this serious condition is necessary in order to avoid life-threatening complications.
RSV
Respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus, or RSV, is a common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms. Most people recover in a week or two, but RSV can be serious, especially for infants and older adults
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is a progressive, genetic disease that causes persistent lung infections and limits the ability to breathe over time
Blumberg’s sign
Blumberg’s sign, also referred to as rebound tenderness, is a clinical sign that is elicited during physical examination of a patient’s abdomen by a doctor or other health care provider. It is indicative of peritonitis. It refers to pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure to the abdomen
PERRLA
PERRLA
[pur′lə]
abbreviation for pupils equal, round, react to light, accommodation. While performing an assessment of the eyes, one evaluates the size and shape of the pupils, their reaction to light, and their ability to accommodate. If all findings are normal, the abbreviation is noted in the account of the physical examination.
CABG
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a type of surgery that improves blood flow to the heart. Surgeons use CABG to treat people who have severe coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary arteries
Catheter ablation
Catheter ablation is sometimes used to treat abnormal heart rhythms.
The cardiologist inserts a long, thin tube (catheter) with an electrode at the tip into a blood vessel in your leg. The catheter travels up through the artery to your heart. The electrode emits radiofrequency waves to inactivate the part of the heart that’s creating or passing abnormal signals.
Thrombolytic therapy
Thrombolytic therapy is a treatment in which you are given medicines through a drip to dissolve a blood clot that is narrowing or blocking a coronary artery.
This improves blood flow to your heart muscle and around your body.
Coronary angioplasty and stent implantation
This is a procedure to open a narrowing in your artery. It improves blood flow to your heart.
The cardiologist inserts a small deflated balloon through a main artery in your groin or wrist, and moves it to the heart’s artery, using an X-ray machine to see what they are doing.
The balloon is inflated inside the narrowed part of your artery.
After that, the cardiologist may use a stent to keep the artery open. A stent is a tiny expandable tube. The balloon is deflated and taken out and the stent stays in place, to help stop the narrowing recurring.
Catecholamine
Catecholamine: chemicals produced from the adrenal medulla and via synthetic means that are responsible for stimulating the sympathetic nervous system.
Cheyne-Stokes Pattern
Cheyne-Stokes Pattern: a regular cyclic pattern of increased respiratory rate and depth with periods of apnea
Chemoreceptor
Chemoreceptor: built in sensors in the medulla and the carotid artery that monitor CO2 and pH levels.
Chronotrope:
Chronotrope: drugs that may change heart rate and rhythm by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart and the nerves that influence it, such as by changing the rhythm produced by the SA node. Positive chronotropes increase heart rate and negative chronotropes decrease heart rate.
CNHV: (Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation)
CNHV: (Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation) breathing that occurs as very deep rapid respiratory rates of 40-60 breathes per minute: found in association with midbrain lesions or distinction.
Contracoup:
Contracoup: a second impact that occurs to the brain when it strikes the inside of the skull on the opposite side of the initial (coup) impact.
COPD
COPD: (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) a group of respiratory diseases other than asthma characterized by dyspnea, cough, sputum production, air flow limitation, and impaired gas exchange.
Coup
Coup: commonly, an impact to the head (from the French term for blow).
CPAP:
CPAP: (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) a ventilator mode that applies pressure during the entire respiratory cycle; used for patients who are breathing on their own, but would benefit from positive pressure to expand atelectatic lungs, to ease the work of breathing, or as a weaning mode.
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves: twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain and communicate with other parts of the body.
CRF: (Chronic Renal Failure)
CRF: (Chronic Renal Failure) a disease characterized by the gradual permanent and irreversible loss of kidney function due to destruction of the nephrons.
CRNA: (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists)
CRNA: (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists) provide anesthetics to patients in every practice setting, and for every type of surgery or procedure.
Cushing’s Reflex:
Cushing’s Reflex: the combination of bradycardia and hypertension; indicative of increased intracranial pressure and impending brain herniation.
Cushing’s Triad
Cushing’s Triad: three common finding with increased intracranial pressure: hypertension, bradycardia, and respiratory patterns that change as various parts of the damaged brain attempt to compensate.
Myoclonus
Myoclonus: A condition of abnormal contraction of muscles or portions of muscles.
How many Coronary arteries supply the heart?
Coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart. Two coronary arteries originate from the left side of the heart at the beginning (root) of the aorta, just after the aorta exits the left ventricle.
Decorticating Posturing
Decorticating Posturing: Involuntary reflexive movements characterized by abnormal flexion inward, toward the core, due to a lesion higher in the brain.
Delirium Tremens: (DT’s)
Delirium Tremens: (DT’s) rapid onset of confusion, usually from alcohol withdrawals.
Dissection
Dissection: Tear within the wall of a blood vessel
Dorsal
Dorsal: back
Dromotrope:
Dromotrope: Affects the conduction speed in the AV node and the rate of electrical impulses in the heart.
Dystonia
Dystonia: Involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive or twisting movements
Angioedema
Angioedema is similar to urticaria, or hives. However, urticaria affects only the upper dermis, or top layer of skin. Angioedema affects the deeper layers, including the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, the mucosa, and submucosal tissues. It is not uncommon to have both urticaria and angioedema at the same time
Angiotensin
Angiotensin: A family of peptides that constrict blood vessels. Narrowing the diameter of the blood vessels causes blood pressure to rise.
Ace inhibitor Cough
ACE inhibitors are associated with a dry, persistent cough in 5%-35% of patients who take them. The mechanism of cough is likely multifactorial. ACE inhibitors prevent the breakdown of bradykinin and substance P, resulting in an accumulation of these protussive mediators in the respiratory tract
Alpha Blockers
Alpha blockers, also called alpha-adrenergic antagonists, treat conditions such as high blood pressure and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Beta Blockers
Beta blockers, also called beta-adrenergic blocking agents, treat a variety of conditions, such as high blood pressure and migraines.
Calcium Channel Blocker
Calcium channel blockers, or calcium antagonists, treat a variety of conditions, such as high blood pressure, chest pain and Raynaud’s disease.
Chronotropes affect
rate
Inotropes affects
Squeeze
Dromatropes affects
electrical
Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist
Adrenergic bronchodilators are medicines that stimulate the nerves in many parts of the body, causing different effects.
Because these medicines open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs, they are used to treat the symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases. They relieve cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and troubled breathing by increasing the flow of air through the bronchial tubes.
H2 Antagonists
Histamine H2-receptor antagonists, also known as H2-blockers, are used to treat duodenal ulcers and prevent their return. They are also used to treat gastric ulcers and for some conditions, such as Zollinger-Ellison disease, in which the stomach produces too much acid.
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce the production of acid by blocking the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. Acid is necessary for the formation of most ulcers in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, and the reduction of acid with PPIs prevents ulcers and allows any ulcers that exist in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to heal.
TCA’s
Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, also called cyclic antidepressants, are among the earliest antidepressants developed. They’re effective, but they’ve generally been replaced by antidepressants that cause fewer side effects. However, cyclic antidepressants may be a good option for some people. In certain cases, they relieve depression when other treatments have faile
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
SSRIs, a commonly prescribed type of antidepressant, can help you overcome depression. Discover how SSRIs improve mood and what side effects they may cause.
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Antidepressant SNRIs help relieve depression symptoms, such as irritability and sadness, but some are also used for anxiety disorders and nerve pain
BID
Twice Daily Medication Taken every 12 Hours
TID
Three Times a Day Medication every 8 Hours
QID
4 Times a day medication are taken every 6 Hours
QD
Medication taken once a day
