Terminology Flashcards
distal
away from midline
sagittal plane
divides body or body part into left and right
caudal
toward the tail or coccyx
rostral
“toward the head”
contralateral
originating on the opposite side
ipsilateral
same side
coronal
a section dividing the body into front and back halves
epethelial tissue
superficial/outer layer of mucous membranes and the cells constituting the skin; marked by absence of intracellular material; Ex. mucosal tissues overlies all the structures within all the systems
fascia
surrounds organs, being a sheetlike membrane that may be either dense or filmy, thin or thick
inferior
below, closer to the ground
lateral
to the side
medial
toward the midline
midline
provides equal halves
proximal
near, closer to the body (arms in relation to trunk)
superior
above, farther from the ground
anterior
ventral. front view
posterior
dorsal. back view
muscular system
A major body system. Includes the smooth, striated, and cardiac muscles of the body. Produces movement by acting on other structures such as bones and cartilages.
skeletal system
A major body system. Includes the bones and cartilages that form the structure of the body.
respiratory system
Both a major body AND speech system. Includes the passageways and tissues involved in gas exchange iwth the environment, including the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, the trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs.
digestive system
A major body system. This system includes the esophagus, liver, intestines, and associated glands.
axial skeleton
head and trunk, with the spinal column being the axis
prone
on the belly
supine
on the back
peripheral
away from the center
organ
made up of tissues that work together to perform a particular function (ex. lung tissues make a lung)
tissue
a collection of similar cells sharing a common function
cell
an individual unit of living matter
system
two or more organs combined to perform a common function
muscular system
A major system of the human body. Includes the smooth, striated, and cardiac muscles of the body.
skeletal system
A major system of the human body. Includes the bones and cartilages that form the structure of the body.
ligaments
A tissue aggregate. This tissue binds organs together or holds bones to bone or cartilage.
cartilage
type of connective tissue. This is a particularly important connective tissue because it is both strong and elastic.
tendons
A tissue aggregate. This tissue attaches muscle to bone or to cartilage.
phonatary system
A speech system. This system is involved in production of voiced sound and utilizes components of the respiratory system (the laryngeal structures).
articulatory system
A speech system. This system is the combination of structures that are used to alter the characteristics of the sounds of speech, including the parts of the anatomically defined digestive and respiratory systems (the tongue, lips, teeth, soft palate, etc.)
resonatory system
A speech system. This system includes the nasal cavity and soft palate and portions of the anatomically defined digestive and respiratory systems.
central nervous system
includes the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
includes the spinal nerves and cranial nerves
muscle tissue
specialized contractile tissue – striated (skeletal, voluntary or somatic), smooth (outside voluntary control – digestive system, blood vessels, etc.), cardiac (outside voluntary control); Ex. within diaphragm, larynx, articulatory/resonatory system
nervous tissue
specialized communicative tissue – neurons (nerve cells) – afferent neurons receive sensory information – innervation is sensory; efferent neurons (motor neurons) send signals from the nervous system to move parts of the body – innervation is excitatory
synovial joint
=diarthrodial joint. Has encapsulated synovial fluid as a cushion. highly movable – e.g., T-M joint, larynx, shoulders, hips, knees
blood
type of connective tissue. Blood cells are suspended in plasma, a matrix of fluid
bone
type of connective tissue. A tissue aggregate. Hardest connective tissue – bones of skull, pelvic girdle, rib cage
joint
A tissue aggregate. Location where bones connect.
fibrous joint
=synarthrodial joints. Immobile. Ex skull bone joints
synarthrodial joint
=fibrous joint. Immobile. Ex skull bone joints
cartilaginous joint
=amphiarthrodial joints. limited mobility – cartilage provides union between two bones – e.g. ribcage, the cartilaginous connection between the ribs and the sternum
amphiarthrodial joint
=cartliaginous joint. limited mobility – cartilage provides union between two bones – e.g. ribcage, the cartilaginous connection between the ribs and the sternum
diarthrodial joint
=synovial joint. Has encapsulated synovial fluid as a cushion. highly movable – e.g., T-M joint, larynx, shoulders, hips, knees
striated muscle
type of muscle tissue. most important to speech and hearing because of voluntary movement produces voluntary movements of body part
origin
the point of attachment of the least mobile element
insertion
the point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction
connective tissue
supports other tissues and binds them together (blood, bone, and lymph tissues); anything with a matrix that gives it a certain shape
The “sections” of the body
coronal (frontal), sagittal, transverse, mid-sagittal
The tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Major systems
respiratory, digestive, muscular, skeletal, nervous
Speech systems
respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, resonatory
