Terminology Flashcards
Osteokinematics
The study of the movement of a bone in space
Osteokinematic terms
Flexion, extension, medial and lateral rotation etc
Arthrokinematics
Study of the movement of one articular surface on another (slides, glides, spins, swings) dosen’t care how the bone is actually moving just what is happening at the joint surface
PERIPHERY: name mov’t with respect to the motion of the distal bone
SPINE: name mov’t with respect to the motion of the superior bone
Rock
Tipping of the concave surface of a joint that occurs at the end of motion. Occurs in the same direction as the movement (flexion of the shoulder- rock will be up)
Roll
tipping of the convex surface of a joint that occurs at the end of motion. Always occurs in the opposite direction as the movement (roll will go down with shoulder flexion)
Spin
Non-linear movement produced by a twist (head of radius on the humerus under the annular lig)
Swing
Linear movement produced by a sliding action within the joint. May or may not have associated spin. (shoulder IN, ER, knee flex ext)
Translation
Entire bone moves in the same direction with no rotation
Modified movements
Flexion and extension= sagittal plane
abd then flex and ext= modified sagittal
scaption= modified frontal
Degrees of Freedom
Description of the number of independent axes a bone can move around
One Degree of Freedom
Motion of the bone is produced by a sliding action within the joint
2 Degrees of Freedom
Joint has either a spin or a swing, or 2 distinct swings (Tibfib- F,E,MR,LR)
3 Degrees of Freedom
Joint has a spin and 2 distinct swings (GH- F,E spin
swing-abd add IR ER)
Types of Joints
Structural
what materal physically connects the jt, with or without jt cavity
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Types of Joints
Functional Scale
how much movement available
Synarthroses- basically immovable
Amphiarthroses- slightly movable
Diarthroses- freely mobile
Fibrous Joint Type 1
Bones within a joint are connected by fibrous tissue, no jt cavity
immovable-synarthrosis
3 sub categories sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses
Sutures
fibrous jt
btw the bones of the skull
in middle age these jts actually fuse and are called synostoses
Gomphoses
fibrous joint
peg in socket joint of the teeth
where tooth is connected to the socket by a fibrous periodontal ligament
Syndesmoses
fibrous joint
bones are connected by an interosseous ligament
synarthrosis–> amphiarthroses (no mov’t–>slight mov’t)
ex interosseous membrane
Cartilaginous Joints Type 2
articulating bones connected by cartilage
no jt cavity here
2 types: synchondroses and symphyses
ex: pubic symphysis, uncovertebral jt, costocondral jt
Synchondroses
cartilagunous jt
hyaline catilage
synarthrotic- no available functional mov’t
jt btw sternum and costal cartilage of 1st rib
Symphysis
hyaline cartilage covering the articulating surface of each bone, each bone is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic- quite strong also
ex: intervertebral jts and pubic symphysis
Synovial joints Type 3
jts are separated by fluid-containing jt cavity
diarthroses
have jt cavity, jt capsule and synovial fluid
most have hyaline cartilage lining the articular surfaces but there are a few with fibrocartilage
Synovial jts classified according
to complexity and to their shape
Complexity Classification
Simple and Compound and complex
Simple
1 pair of articulating surfaces
most common 1 surface convex other concave
Compound
more than 1 articulating pair within the jt capsule (talocrual, subtalar, elbow)
Complex
there is an articular disc
Shape
Ovoid, unmodified ovoid jt, modified ovoid, sellar jts, unmodified sellar jt, modified sellar jt
Ovoid Joints
jts that are either concave or convex in all planes- degree of curvature will change over the surface
can be unmodified or modified
ex (hip- femur and innominate)
Unmodified Ovoid Joints
shape is spherical- allow 3 degrees of mov’t
GH or hip
perfect male and female
Modified Ovoid
degree of curvature of surface is more marked in 1 plane than the other- jt only allow 2 degrees of freedom
ex: MCPs, radiocarpal jts
Sellar Joints
saddle shaped (concave in 1 plane and convex in the perpendicular plane) jt surface provides more articular stability than ovoid jts, less reliant upon ligaments modified or unmodified
Unmodified Sellar Joints
surfaces are purely concave in 1 plane and purley convex in the perpendicular plane
allow 2 degrees of freedom
1st CMC jt
Modified Sellar Joints
jt surfaces have both concave and convex areas in the same plane- opposing jt curves are not perpendicular to eachother
allow only 1 degree of freedom
ex: calcaneocuboid
