Terminology

Question 1

Osteokinematics

Answer 1

The study of the movement of a bone in space

Question 2

Osteokinematic terms

Answer 2

Flexion, extension, medial and lateral rotation etc

Question 3

Arthrokinematics

Answer 3

Study of the movement of one articular surface on another (slides, glides, spins, swings) dosen’t care how the bone is actually moving just what is happening at the joint surface
PERIPHERY: name mov’t with respect to the motion of the distal bone
SPINE: name mov’t with respect to the motion of the superior bone

Question 4

Rock

Answer 4

Tipping of the concave surface of a joint that occurs at the end of motion. Occurs in the same direction as the movement (flexion of the shoulder- rock will be up)

Question 5

Roll

Answer 5

tipping of the convex surface of a joint that occurs at the end of motion. Always occurs in the opposite direction as the movement (roll will go down with shoulder flexion)

Question 6

Spin

Answer 6

Non-linear movement produced by a twist (head of radius on the humerus under the annular lig)

Question 7

Swing

Answer 7

Linear movement produced by a sliding action within the joint. May or may not have associated spin. (shoulder IN, ER, knee flex ext)

Question 8

Translation

Answer 8

Entire bone moves in the same direction with no rotation

Question 9

Modified movements

Answer 9

Flexion and extension= sagittal plane
abd then flex and ext= modified sagittal
scaption= modified frontal

Question 10

Degrees of Freedom

Answer 10

Description of the number of independent axes a bone can move around

Question 11

One Degree of Freedom

Answer 11

Motion of the bone is produced by a sliding action within the joint

Question 12

2 Degrees of Freedom

Answer 12

Joint has either a spin or a swing, or 2 distinct swings (Tibfib- F,E,MR,LR)

Question 13

3 Degrees of Freedom

Answer 13

Joint has a spin and 2 distinct swings (GH- F,E spin

swing-abd add IR ER)

Question 14

Types of Joints

Structural

Answer 14

what materal physically connects the jt, with or without jt cavity
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 15

Types of Joints

Functional Scale

Answer 15

how much movement available
Synarthroses- basically immovable
Amphiarthroses- slightly movable
Diarthroses- freely mobile

Question 16

Fibrous Joint Type 1

Answer 16

Bones within a joint are connected by fibrous tissue, no jt cavity
immovable-synarthrosis
3 sub categories sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

Question 17

Sutures

Answer 17

fibrous jt
btw the bones of the skull
in middle age these jts actually fuse and are called synostoses

Question 18

Gomphoses

Answer 18

fibrous joint
peg in socket joint of the teeth
where tooth is connected to the socket by a fibrous periodontal ligament

Question 19

Syndesmoses

Answer 19

fibrous joint
bones are connected by an interosseous ligament
synarthrosis–> amphiarthroses (no mov’t–>slight mov’t)
ex interosseous membrane

Question 20

Cartilaginous Joints Type 2

Answer 20

articulating bones connected by cartilage
no jt cavity here
2 types: synchondroses and symphyses
ex: pubic symphysis, uncovertebral jt, costocondral jt

Question 21

Synchondroses

Answer 21

cartilagunous jt
hyaline catilage
synarthrotic- no available functional mov’t
jt btw sternum and costal cartilage of 1st rib

Question 22

Symphysis

Answer 22

hyaline cartilage covering the articulating surface of each bone, each bone is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic- quite strong also
ex: intervertebral jts and pubic symphysis

Question 23

Synovial joints Type 3

Answer 23

jts are separated by fluid-containing jt cavity
diarthroses
have jt cavity, jt capsule and synovial fluid
most have hyaline cartilage lining the articular surfaces but there are a few with fibrocartilage

Question 24

Synovial jts classified according

Answer 24

to complexity and to their shape

Question 25

Complexity Classification

Answer 25

Simple and Compound and complex

Question 26

Simple

Answer 26

1 pair of articulating surfaces

most common 1 surface convex other concave

Question 27

Compound

Answer 27

more than 1 articulating pair within the jt capsule (talocrual, subtalar, elbow)

Question 28

Complex

Answer 28

there is an articular disc

Question 29

Shape

Answer 29

Ovoid, unmodified ovoid jt, modified ovoid, sellar jts, unmodified sellar jt, modified sellar jt

Question 30

Ovoid Joints

Answer 30

jts that are either concave or convex in all planes- degree of curvature will change over the surface
can be unmodified or modified
ex (hip- femur and innominate)

Question 31

Unmodified Ovoid Joints

Answer 31

shape is spherical- allow 3 degrees of mov’t
GH or hip
perfect male and female

Question 32

Modified Ovoid

Answer 32

degree of curvature of surface is more marked in 1 plane than the other- jt only allow 2 degrees of freedom
ex: MCPs, radiocarpal jts

Question 33

Sellar Joints

Answer 33

saddle shaped (concave in 1 plane and convex in the perpendicular plane)
jt surface provides more articular stability than ovoid jts, less reliant upon ligaments
modified or unmodified

Question 34

Unmodified Sellar Joints

Answer 34

surfaces are purely concave in 1 plane and purley convex in the perpendicular plane
allow 2 degrees of freedom
1st CMC jt

Question 35

Modified Sellar Joints

Answer 35

jt surfaces have both concave and convex areas in the same plane- opposing jt curves are not perpendicular to eachother
allow only 1 degree of freedom
ex: calcaneocuboid