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Biology 2 Final > Terminology: 17-22 > Flashcards

Terminology: 17-22 Flashcards

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1
Q

Four types of animal tissue

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Lines and covers the surfaces of the body.
* Closely packed
* Protects
* Absorbs
* Secretes

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3
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Develops from the mesoderm.
Supportive tissue that connects other tissues, has storage functions. Loose, fibrous.

  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Fat
  4. Blood
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4
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized tissue that enables movement through contraction.

Types of muscle tissue:
1. Cardiac
2. Smooth
3. Skeletal/Striated

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5
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Composed of nerve cells (neurons). Specialized for nerve impulse conduction.

Types:
* Neurons: Sensory, Motor, Interneurons
* Neuroglia: Assistive cells that provide nutrients to the neurons

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6
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Connective Tissue

Acts as padding under skin and elsewhere.

Composition:
* Soft extracellular matrix
* Protein fibers
* Cells

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7
Q

Bone & Cartilage

A

Connective Tissue

Made up of cells in a hard and stiff extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Blood

A

Connective Tissue

Composed of cells in a liquid matrix

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9
Q

Neuron

A

Nervous Tissue

Cells with projections that can transmit electrical signals.

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10
Q

Striated Muscle

A
  • Moves the skeleton
  • Voluntary movement
  • Long muscle fibers that are parallel
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11
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Makes up the walls of the heart
  • Involuntary movement.
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12
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • Lines the walls of blood vessels and digestive tract.
  • Involuntary movement.
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13
Q

Basal Lamina

A

Extracellular matrix layer beneath epithelial tissue that anchors it to other tissues.

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14
Q

As volume/mass of an organism increases, the surface area proportionally ___________

Increase / Decrease

A

Decreases.

This means that larger organisms require more advanced structures to power the metabolic processes to sustain that mass.

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15
Q

Adaptions to increase surface area

A
  • Flattened surfaces (Fish gills)
  • Folds and projections (Intestinal villi)
  • Branched tubes (Capillaries)
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16
Q

Basal (Resting) Metabolic Rate is _______ in larger animals

Higher / Lower

A

Higher

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17
Q

Proportional metabolic rate is ________ in smaller animals

Higher / Lower

A

Higher

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18
Q

Isometric

A

Linear scaling

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19
Q

Allometric

A

Unequal scaling

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of relatively stable internal environment.

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21
Q

Homeostatic Regulation

A
  1. Sensor: Mechanism that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment
  2. Integrator: Mechanism that compares the incoming sensory information with the “set point” and decides if a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis.
  3. Effector: Any mechanism that causes a response to help restore homeostasis.
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22
Q

Homeostasis Negative Feedback

A

Serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within a normal range.

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23
Q

Conduction

A

Direct transfer of heat between two objects in contact with each other.

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24
Q

Convection

A

Heat exchange between a solid and a liquid/gas and movement of the liquid/gas relative to the solid.

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25
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct contact

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26
Q

Behavioral Strategies of Temperature Regulation

A
  • Basking: Gain heat
  • Panting: Lose excess heat
  • Sweating: Lose excess heat
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27
Q

Ectotherm

A

Organisms that rely on heat gained from environment.
Most animals.

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28
Q

Endotherm

A

Organisms that produce heat within their own tissues through metabolism.

  • Mammals
  • Birds
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29
Q

Homeotherms

A

Organisms that maintain constant body temperature through metabolic activity

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30
Q

Heterotherms (Poikilotherms)

A

Organisms that can vary between self-regulation of body temperature and allowing the environment to affect their body temperature.

Can tolerate changes in body temperature.

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31
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue (Brown Fat)

A

A type of body fat found in mammals that produces heat rather than ATP, allowing non-shivering thermogenesis.

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32
Q

Countercurrent Heat Exchange

A

Close parallel blood vessels that allow the warmer artery to passively heat the colder vein and reduce overall heat loss.

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33
Q

Pros of Endothermy

A
  • Ability to be active in cold weather and night.
  • Allows high levels of activity
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34
Q

Cons of Endothermy

A
  • High cost, requires lots of fuel for metabolism.
  • Smaller endotherms lose a lot of heat passively, and require proportionally higher fuel input to maintain metabolism.
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35
Q

Electrolytes

A

Compounds that disassociate in water into ions.
Cells require a precise balance of electrolytes.

  • Maintains electrical neutrality in cells
  • Generates and conducts action potentials in nerves and muscles

Examples: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), Calcium (Ca2+)

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36
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic waste.

Examples:
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Nitrogenous waste

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37
Q

Nitrogenous Waste

A

Excess nitrogen compounds such as ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatine.

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38
Q

Osmoconformers

A

Organisms that keep their internal fluids isotonic to their environment, they keep an internal salinity similar to ambient conditions.

Examples: Most aquatic invertebrates

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39
Q

Osmoregulators

A

Organisms that actively regulate their osmotic pressure independent of the ambient environment. They have different internal water and electrolyte balance from the external environment.

Examples: Humans, freshwater fish.

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40
Q

Osmotic Stress (Shock)

A

A condition in which a change in solute concentration around a cell causes irregular loss or gain of water and electrolytes

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41
Q

Osmolarity

A

The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles (moles) per liter.

42
Q

Passive Transport

A

Diffusion that does not require ATP expenditure

43
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive transport diffusion through protein channels or carriers

44
Q

Active Transport

A

Diffusion that occurs through Pumps which expend ATP to transport against the solute’s electrochemical gradient.

45
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ ATPase)

A

A membrane enzyme that functions as a pump to transport potassium ions into the cell while exporting sodium ions out of the cell.

Sodium Ions (Na+) function as antiporters, three sodium ions are exchanged for two potassium ions (K+).

46
Q

Nitrogenous Waste

A
  • Breakdown of excess amino acids and nucleotides results in ammonia (NH3). Ammonia and its derivatives are nitrogenous waste.
  • NH3 is a strong base that accepts H+ to become ammonium ion NH4+, which raises the pH levels to toxic levels.
47
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the opposing solution

48
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution with a lower osmotic pressure as the opposing solution

49
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution with a higher osmotic pressure as the opposing solution

50
Q

Shark Osmoregulation

A
  • Sharks get rid of salt via their rectal glands because their Na+ and Cl- content is lower than seawater.
  • Retains water by accumulating Urea & Trimethylamine Oxide (TMAO)
51
Q

Seawater Fish Osmoregulation

A
  • Water is gained through drinking seawater.
  • Salt is excreted through chloride cells in gills.
52
Q

Freshwater Fish Osmoregulation

A
  • Water is gained through osmosis
  • Their kidneys efficiently retain salt
53
Q

Insect Osmoregulation

A
  • Reduces water loss with waxy layer of their exoskeleton
  • Reduces water loss by closing spiracles (respiratory opening) because water is lost from the trachea
54
Q

Hemolymph

A

A fluid equivalent in function to blood in most invertebrates.

55
Q

Insect Excretory System

A

Malpighian tubules: The site of urine formation in insects, plays a major role in osmoregulation.
Hind Gut: Reabsorbs salts and amino acids before excretion to maintain osmotic pressure in the hemolymph

56
Q

Mammal Excretory System

A
  • The urinary system, especially the kidneys are the major homeostatic system in vertebrates.
  • Kidneys function to remove waste and maintain water and electrolyte balance.
  • The microscopic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron
57
Q

Mammal Urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
  • Renal Arteries
  • Renal Veins
58
Q

Kidney Regions & Functions

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle: Filters blood, forming a “pre-urine” consisting of ions, nutrients, wastes, and water.
  2. Proximal Tubule: Epithelial cells reabsorb nutrients, vitamins, ions, and water.
  3. Loop of Henle: Consists of tissues with strong osmotic gradients, absorbing water and concentrating urine.
  4. Distal Tubule: Ions and water are reabsorbed
59
Q

Nephron Function

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration (Non-selective): Glomerular capillaries act as filters that remove waste and excess fluid from the blood.
  2. Tubular Reabsorption (Selective): Nephrons reabsorb useful substances back into the bloodstream.
  3. Tubular Secretion: Toxins and H+ are secrete from the blood into the tubules
  4. Excretion: Results in urine being produced
60
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Reabsorbs water to maintain homeostasis.

61
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone released when Na+ levels in the blood are low. Causes reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in distal tubule.

62
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

When the body is dehydrated, the hormone ADH is released that causes the kidneys to retain more water.

Without ADH, urine is diluted and more water is lost when urinating.

63
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
The preferred input of cellular respiration.

4 kcal/g

64
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids, serves many functions such as being used as the building blocks of enzymes.

4 kcal/g

65
Q

Lipids

A

Includes triglycerides, fatty acids, steroids.

9 kcal/g

66
Q

Minerals

A

Essential elements, many of which are only needed in trace amounts.

  • Phosphorus
  • Calcium
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
67
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic molecules needed in minute amounts, many function as coenzymes in critical reactions.

68
Q

Sequence of Digestive Process

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination/Egestion
69
Q

Ingestion

A

Initial process of taking in food.

70
Q

Digestion

A
  • Mechanical breakdown through chewing
  • Chemical breakdown through enzymes
71
Q

Absorption

A

The absorption of nutrient end products of digestion and water through the lining of the gut into the blood.
Nutrients can then be transported or stored for later use.

72
Q

Elimination/Egestion

A

Elimination of indigestible material, waste byproduct, and excess.

73
Q

Human Digestive Tract
Parts in Order

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Esophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Small Intestine
  5. Large Intestine
  6. Appendix
  7. Anus
74
Q

Human Digestive Tract Accessory Organs

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Liver
  3. Gallbladder
  4. Pancreas
75
Q

Mouth

A
  • Mechanical digestion through chewing
  • Chemical digestion of carbohydrates via saliva
76
Q

Esophagus

A

Transports food from mouth to stomach

77
Q

Stomach

A

Site of mechanical and chemical processing

78
Q

Small Intestine

A

Site of absorption

79
Q

Large Intestine

A

Absorbs water and forms feces

Contains symbiotic bacteria

80
Q

Appendix

A

Contains immune tissue

Harbors symbiotic bacteria

81
Q

Anus

A

Eliminates feces

82
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrates

Also lubricates mucus

83
Q

Liver

A
  • Secretes molecules that aid in fat digestion
  • Stores glucose as glycogen to reduce blood glucose levels
  • breaks down glycogen to glucose to increase blood glucose levels
84
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores secretions from the liver and empties it into the small intestine

85
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Secretes enzymes and other materials into the small intestine
  • Secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels
86
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Converted into pepsin by HCl

87
Q

Pepsin

A

The primary digestive enzyme in the stomach which breaks down proteins into polypeptides

88
Q

HCl

A

Denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen to pepsin

89
Q

Bile

A

Emulsifies fat

Made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Received by the small intestine.

90
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Adjusts pH of acid chyme from stomach to 7.4

From the pancreas.

91
Q

Enterokinase

A

An protease produced by the duodenum (first part of the small intestine).

Cleaves the acidic propeptide from trypsinogen to yield trypsin.

Activates pancreatic enzymes

92
Q

Trypsin

A

An enzyme of the small intestine that aids with protein digestion.

93
Q

Lipase

A

An enzyme in Bile that acts as an emulsifier of lipids.

94
Q

Gastrin

A

A hormone found in the stomach that stimulates HCl secretion

95
Q

Secretin

A

A hormone from the small intestine that stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate

96
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A hormone from the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile from the pancreas.

97
Q

Features to increase surface area for absorption in the small intestine

A
  1. Length
  2. Folds
  3. Villi
  4. Microvilli
98
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone made by the pancreas, lowers blood sugar

99
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone made by the pancreas, raises blood sugar

100
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Carries blood from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver

101
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting B-cells. Thus the body does not produce enough insulin to properly lower blood glucose levels.

Juvenile onset

102
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

Defective insulin receptors, thus cannot be treated with insulin injections. Careful dieting is treatment.

Adult onset

Biology 2 Final (4 decks)

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