Terminology

Question 1

What is a Hallucination

Answer 1

Creation of perception without a stimmulus being present

Question 2

What is an illusion?

Answer 2

Misinterpretation of a Stimulus
(e.g. seeing a shadow as a person)

Question 3

What is a Delusion?

Answer 3

• false, unshakeable belief
• held in the face of evidence to the contrary (e.g. many conspiracy theories)
• outside the cultural normals (for that individual)
• often bizarre (can be negative (in depression) or grandiose (in mania))

Question 4

What is the usual age of onset for SChizophrenia?

Answer 4

Women early 30s
Men early 20s

Question 5

What is the prognosis of Schizophrenia

Answer 5

1/3 single episode with full recovery
1/3 relapsing
1/3 treatment resistant, little improvement

5% suicide rate, especially in recovery phase

Question 6

What is the aetiology ofSchizophrenia?

Answer 6

Unsure, genetic component
* dopamine hypothesis (increased mesolimbic system for positive, decrease mesocortical system in negative symptoms)
* serotonin hypothesis
* glutamate hypothesis

• neurological structural abnormalities (unspecific changes)

Question 7

What are risk factors for developing Schitzophrenia?

Answer 7

• Family History
• SUbstance abuse (Cannabis)
• Stressful/ life events
• High expressed emotion
• Prevalence higher in urban and immigrant population

Question 8

What are common positive symptoms in Schizophrenia?

Answer 8

• delusions
• hallucinations
• thought disorder (insertion, withdrawal, broadcast)
• sense of being controlled

Question 9

What are common negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

Answer 9

• loss of motivation
• loss of affect variation (blunting)
• paucity of thought (harder to think)
• loosening of association

Question 10

What are affective disorders?

Answer 10

1. Depression (+/- psychosis) (unipolar affective disorder)
2. Bipolar affective disorder (manic depression +/- psychosis)

Question 11

What is Circumstantiality?

Answer 11

e inability to answer a question without giving excessive, unnecessary detail

Question 12

What is Tangentiality?

Answer 12

patients wandering away from a topic without returning to it.

Question 13

What is Derailment of thoughts?

Answer 13

where there are illogical and unexpected jumps from topic to topic without any discernible links between them, and failure to answer the question

Question 14

What is flight of ideas?

Answer 14

similar to tangentiality, however, patients do answer the question and then proceed to jump to another related topic, then to another and so on

Question 15

How would you initiate rapid tranquilization?

Answer 15

IMLorazepam (first line).
2nd line: IM Haloperidol

(Always offer oral first, but usually not approrpiate

Question 16

When would you start rapid tranquilization?

Question 17

What are the Seculsion