Terminology Flashcards
Precise Words
All
Includes: All Always Will 100% possiblity
Precise Words:
None
Includes:
None
Never
less than 1% possibility
Precise Words:
Most
Includes Most Probably Likely Usually more than 50% possibilty
Precise Words:
Not Most
Includes: Not Most Not Likely Rarely Minority less than 50%
Precise Words:
Some
Includes:
Some
Can
99% possibility
Precise Words:
Not All
Not All
Not Always
99% possibility
Comparative Words:
Definition and Treatment
definition: any word that states or implies a comparison
treatment: comparative words are typically considered strong but can be weak given the context
Comparative Words:
Type: Comparison
Comparison:
Examples: more, less, better, taller worse, ect
Treatment: treated as semi-strong language bc of their definite nature
- they can be made weak by comparing something that doesn’t mean much
Comparative Words:
Type: Superlative
Superlative
Examples: least, best, tallest, worst, ect
Treatment: much stronger bc they compare a group rather than a single alternative option
- watch the qualifiers that surround the superlative bc they make a significant impact on the strength of that superlative
Comparative Words:
Type: Equal
Equal
Examples: equal, the same, proportionate, identical, indistinguishable, as much as, ect
Treatment: very strong
(no notes)
Subjective Words
Definition, Treatment, examples
Definition: those that have different meaning depending on the context
Treatment: treat them as very weak words
Examples: useful, many, few, able, contribute, sometimes, several, not many, often, some, important, numerous, a lot, occasionally, much
Permissive Words
Definition, Treatment, Examples
Definition: allow something to be, but give no indication of the likelihood that it will happen
Treatment: Treat them as very weak words
Examples: may, permit, possible, can, allow, available, could, eligible, enable
Inherently Strong Words
Definition, Treatment, Example
Definition: strong words are those that simply mean a lot (by definition)
Treatment: treat them as very strong words
Examples: inherent, indefinitely, revolutionize, always, steal, forever, never, in principle, modeled upon, fundamentally, lie
Causal Words
Definition, Treatment, Examples
Definition: those that imply a causal relationship via the simple meaning of the word or through the implication that one concept changes another
Treatment: translate these term into a very direct “this causes that” form and consider it to be strong language
Examples: boost, raises, predisposes, successful, results from, genetic disposition, induce, benefits, responsible for, effective, affect, effect, leads to, promotes, explains, produce, cause, explanation
(is used by an arrow with a “c” above it)
Thought Words:
Definition, Treatment
Definition: represent some aspect of what someone is thinking but may not indicate anything about the reality of the situation
Treatment: understand the type of word and keep that seperate from what is true about the reality of the situation
Thought Words
Type: Belief
Belief
Examples: believe, think, claim, consider
Definition: indicates what is true according to that person’s mind
- that belief could be wrong so do not infer anything about the reality of the situation
Thought Words
Type: Intent
Intent
Examples: intend, want, motive, try, attempt to, goal, objective, aim, purpose, plan, hope, wish, to
Definition: indicates that something intends to happen
- that intent may go unfulfilled, so do not infer anything about the reality of the situation
Thought Words:
Type: Knowledge
Knowledge
examples: know, confirm, affirm, acknowledge, admit, ignorance, realize, recognize
Definition: indicates that the person is fully aware or not of the reality of the situation
Notes: if someone knows something, then it is true in reality as well
Thought Words:
Type: thought vs. reality
Examples: overestimate, underestimate, overrate, underrate, exaggerate
Definition: indicates that someone’s thoughts vary from reality and compare reality in some way
Notes: these words do not indicate exactly what the reality of the situation is. Rather, they indicate that the reality differs from someone’s thoughts about the situation
Structural Indicator Words
Contrast
however, but, yet, although, though, while, despite the fact that,
nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, ironically
Structural Indicator Words
Conclusion
thus, hence, therefore, so, consequently, for the reason that, then
Structural Indicator Words
Continuation
moreover, and, additionally, also, in addition, further, futhermore, as well, finally, plus
Contrast Words
Definition and treatment
definition: those that separate two ideas hat seem like they do not go together
treatment: use contrast words to isolate the two different ideas
- can help to determine the idea the author tries to emphasize and the idea the author tries to deemphasize
Contrast Words
Contrast Word Structure
Look at pg 16
