Terminology

Question 1

Delirium definition

Answer 1

Confusion and altered consciousness

Question 2

Define dementia

Answer 2

Progressive loss of long-term memory and other cognitive functions. No altered consciousness!

Question 3

Dizziness vs vertigo (4each)

Answer 3

Dizzy: usually upright posture associated with CVS pathology. May go dark in front of eyes. Associated with palpitation, pallor, sweating
Vertigo: hallucination of movement. May be positional. Associated with nystagmus. Pathology in ear, brainstem or cerebellum

Question 4

Define stroke

Answer 4

Acute onset (minutes to hours) focal neurological deficit of the central nervous system from vascular origin
Duration more than 24h.

Question 5

Define TIA

Answer 5

Acute onset of focal neurological deficit followed by speedy recovery within 5-20 mins and mostly within 2 hours (by definition may take up to 24h)
Stereotypically repeated attacks

Question 6

Define paraparesis

Answer 6

Weak lower limbs

Question 7

Define - plegia

Answer 7

Power 0/5

Question 8

Define agraphia

Answer 8

Inability to write

Question 9

What is semantic fluency

Answer 9

Come up with words from a given semantic category smoothly eg “name as many animals in 1 min”

Question 10

What is phonemic fluency

Answer 10

Generation of words from initial letters eg name words beginning with “F” in 1 min

Question 11

Define prosody

Answer 11

Rhythm and intonation of speech to provide important information beyond a sentence’s literal meaning eg sarcasm, question… (Non dominant hemisphere)

Question 12

Define dysarthria

Answer 12

Difficulty speaking due to weakness in muscles of speech, causing slowed or slurred speech - disorder of articulation

Question 13

flaccid dysarthria characteristics and cause

Answer 13

Nasal/slurred speech, imprecise consonant productions, breathiness of voice
Cause = Myasthenia Gravis

Question 14

Spastic dysarthria characteristic and cause

Answer 14

Sound like patient is squeezing out words from pursed mouth. Imprecise consonants, harsh voice quality or strained, strangled
Cause = stroke

Question 15

Ataxic dysarthria characteristics and cause

Answer 15

Speech uncoordinated; range, timing, direction inaccurate; rate slow; may be explosive
Cerebellar lesions eg MS

Question 16

Hypokinetic dysarthria characteristic and cause

Answer 16

Speech monotonous, slow, rate may vary, may have rigidity

Cause = Parkinson’s

Question 17

Hyperkinetic dysarthria characteristics and cause

Answer 17

Involuntary disruptions in sounds and or movements, echolalia, coprolalia
Cause = chorea eg huntington disease

Question 18

Define echolalia

Answer 18

Meaningless repetition of another person’s spoken words

Question 19

Define coprolalia

Answer 19

Obscene language without provocation or reason

Question 20

Define apraxia

Answer 20

Loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movements

Question 21

Define agnosia

Answer 21

Loss ability to identify objects, people, sounds…

Question 22

What is sundowning?

Answer 22

State of confusion occurring late afternoon and night. ESP in Alzheimer’s and dementia

Question 23

Define anisocoria

Answer 23

Unequal pupil sizes due to efferent pathway disturbances.