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PHARMACOLOGY > Terminologies in Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Terminologies in Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pharmacology

A
  • Study of drugs and their interaction with living things which encompasses the physical, and chemical properties, biochemical, and physiologic effects
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2
Q

Properties of an ideal drug

A

a) Effectiveness
b) Safety
c) Selectivity
d) Reversible action
e) Predictability
f) Ease of Administration

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3
Q

10 Rights to Medication Administration

A
  1. Right Patient
  2. Right route
  3. Right time
  4. Right drug
  5. Right Dose
  6. Right Documentation
  7. Right Education
  8. Right to refuse
  9. Right assessment
  10. Right Evaluation
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4
Q

Define Pharmacokinetics

A
  • The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease.
  • Study of the movement of the drug throughout the body.

[Nurses utilize the treatment that is given to a patient.]

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5
Q

OTC ACRONYM: S.A.F.E.R

A

S - Speak up
A - Ask questions
F - Find the facts
E - Evaluate your choices [Decision-Making]
R - Read labels

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6
Q

What is OTC:

A
  • Drugs found to be safe and appropriate for use without direct supervision of health care professionals.
  • Maybe purchased without prescription
  • However, when taken for an extended period of time, it can cause dangerous side effects or adverse effects. If consumed in a short period of time, it is still relatively safe.
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7
Q

What is PRN?

A
  • Pro re nata which means AS NEEDED prescribed by the Physician
  • It is our responsibility as nurses to assess our patient’s condition and determine whether or not it meets the specific condition that the physician prescribed for nurses to administer medication to the client.
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8
Q

Drug Name: Chemical Names

A
  • It describes and distinguishes its molecular structure incomparison to other drugs. [Describes drugs chemical structure]
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9
Q

acetylsalicylic acid is an example of what drug name?

A

Chemical Names

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10
Q

Drug Name: Generic Names

A
  • Official, nonproprietary name, not owned by any company and universally accepted.
  • Commonly used to identify a drug during its useful clinical lifetime.
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11
Q

Aspirin is an example of what drug name?

A

Generic name

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12
Q

Drug Name: Trade/Brand Name

A
  • Proprietary name, chosen by the drug company and registered trademarks.
  • The company that patents the drug creates the brand name (trademark)
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13
Q

What are the four pharmacokinetic processes?

A
  • Absorption (How will the medications enter the bloodstream?)
  • Distribution (Where will it go?)
  • Metabolism (How is it broken down?)
  • Excretion (How does it leave?)
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14
Q

What is Absorption?

A
  • Transmission of medication from the location of administration to the bloodstream.

Principles of Absorption

a) The rate of medication absorption determines how soon the drug will take effect. [The faster the medication to be absorbed, the faster the effect of it to the body]

b) Amount of medication absorbed determines its intensity

c) Route of administration affects the rate and amount of absorption.
- Oral
- Sublingual/Buccal
- Mucous Membrane
- Intradermal/Topical
- Subcutaneous/ Intramuscular
- Intravenous

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15
Q

What is Distribution?

A
  • Transportation of medications to sites of action by bodily fluids.

Affected by:

a) travel to site of action.

b) Plasma protein binding and free drugs
- If a drug is more protein bounded: less free drug molecule.

 - If there is less free drug molecule: less therapeutic action.

 - If there is less protein, the poorer the distribution is.

c) Blood brain barrier [Placental barrier]

  • Sometimes drugs cannot pass through the barriers. As a result, the effect is difficult to distribute on the target sites.
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16
Q

What is Metabolism?

A
  • Metabolism or Biotransformation changes medications into less active/ inactive form by the action of enzymes.
  • Occurs primarily in the liver, kidneys, lungs, bowel, and blood.
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17
Q

What is Excretion?

A
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18
Q

First pass effect

A
  • Only in enteral/oral route
  • Enteral route of administration pass from the intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein.
  • First pass effect reduce the amount of active drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect.
  • Reduced effectivity of an absorbed drug.
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19
Q

Bioavailability

A
  • Amount of drug that is able to reach the bloodstream.
  • Refers to the percentage of administered drug available for activity.
  • Portion of the medication that will exert pharmacological effect
  • The bioavailability of oral drugs are affected by absorption and first pass effect.
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20
Q

Prodrugs

A
  • Compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance after intake.
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21
Q

Half Life

A
  • Time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half.
  • It is studied to determine how much medication you will administer in order to achieve medication plateau effect.

[How much time will be the medication persist the activity of it in the body (duration of an action of a drug)]

22
Q

Steady State

A
  • Most effective state of drug
  • Plateau drug level, amount of drug administered is equal to the amount being eliminated (Optimal therapeutic effect) approx. 4 half lives
23
Q

Loading

A
  • Giving a large initial dose so therapeutic effect is achieved while steady state is reached.
24
Q

Maintenance Dose

A

Dose needed to maintain drug concentration at a steady state, consistent dosing and interval.

25
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A
  • Study of the effects of the drugs on the body
  • Drugs acts within the body to mimic the actions of the body’s own chemical messenger.
26
Q

Receptor Theory

A

The use of receptor models to understand drug behavior. Drugs interact with receptors to produce a change in the receptor’s state, which results in a physiological effect.

27
Q

Agonist

A
  • Medication that can mimic the receptor activity regulated by endogenous compound
28
Q

Antagonist

A
  • Medication that can block normal receptor activity regulated by endogenous compound
29
Q

Partial Agonist

A
  • Limited affinity to receptor sites
  • A partial agonist produces the biological response but cannot produce 100% of the biological response even at very high doses.
30
Q

Non-Specific

A
  • Drugs that affects multiple receptor sites

[Receptor sites: target organ and cells]

31
Q

Non-Selective

A
  • Drugs that affects multiple receptor
32
Q

Difference between side effects and adverse effects

A

Side effects are usually expected and inevitable when a medication is given at a therapeutic dose while Adverse effects are undesired, inadvertent, and unexpected dangerous effects of the medication. Adverse effects usually are identified according to body system.

33
Q

Drug Reaction: Toxicity

A
  • Degree of detrimental effects caused by excessive drug dosing
34
Q

Drug Reaction: Paradoxical Effect

A
  • Opposite of the intended drug response
35
Q

Drug Reaction: Iatrogenic Disease

A
  • Disease caused by drugs
36
Q

Medication prescription: STAT prescription

A
  • Given only once and immediately
37
Q

Medication prescription: Single prescription

A
  • One time prescription [Due to an emergency or in response to an acute illness of the client]
38
Q

Risk: Pregnancy Category A

A

Adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy

39
Q

Risk: Pregnancy Category B

A

Animal production studies (in pregnant women) have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus, and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women have shown no adverse effects to the fetus.

40
Q

Risk: Pregnancy Category C

A
  • Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus or there are no animal reproduction studies and no well controlled studies in human.
41
Q

Risk: Pregnancy Category D

A
  • Positive evidence of fetal risk but benefits may outweigh risk.
42
Q

Risk: Pregnancy Category X

A
  • Positive evidence of fetal risk, and risks clearly outweigh any possible benefit.
43
Q

What is endogenous Compounds?

A
  • Endogenous compounds are drugs that are already in the body, either because the body produces them or because they are naturally present in the diet.
44
Q

Onset

A
  • Time it takes for a drug to reach Minimum effective concentration (MEC)
45
Q

Minimum effective concentration (MEC)

A
  • Amount of drug required for drug effect
46
Q

Controlled Substances: Schedule I

A
  • High abuse potential with no accepted medical use; medication within this schedule may not be prescribed, dispensed, or administered. [Illegal drugs]

Examples:
a) Heroin
b) Marijuana
c) Ecstasy
d) gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid

47
Q

Controlled Substances: Schedule II

A
  • High abuse potential with severe psychological or physical dependence; however, these medications have an accepted medical use and maybe prescribed, dispensed, or administered by special licensed physician.

Examples:
a) Morphine
b) Codeine
c) Hydrocodone
d) Hydromorphone
e) Methadone
f) Oxycodone
g) Fentanyl
h) Methylphenidate
i) Pentobarbital

[Addictive]

48
Q

Controlled Substances: Schedule III

A
  • Intermediate abuse potential (i.e. less than schedule 2 but more than schedule IV medications)

Examples:
a) Hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5mg/500mg or 10mg/650mg
b) Codeine in combination with acetaminophen c) aspirin or ibuprofen
d) anabolic steroids
e) ketamine

[It can make you feel sleepy but not strong when it comes to psychological and physical dependence]

49
Q

Controlled Substances: Schedule IV

A
  • Abuse potential less than schedule II but more than schedule V medications.

Examples:
a) propoxyphene
b) butorphanol
c) pentazocine
d) alprazolam
e) clonazepam
f) diazepam
g) midazolam
h) phenobarbital
i) pemoline
j) sibutramine

50
Q

Controlled Substances: Schedule V

A
  • Medication with the least potential for abuse among the controlled substances.

Examples:
a) Robitussin AC
b) Phenergan with codeine

PHARMACOLOGY (6 decks)

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