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01. Year 1: Science for Medicine > Terminal Respiration > Flashcards

Terminal Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What do redox reaction do in respiration?

A

Pass electrons around which end up combining with oxygen

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2
Q

What is the only site of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Mitochonria

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3
Q

What does the mitochondria allow in terms of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The coupling of oxidation of carbon fuels to ATP synthesis

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4
Q

What structures are present in mitochondria?

A

Cristae

Matrix

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Inter membrane space

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5
Q

What is the purpose of cristae?

A

Increases the surface area

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6
Q

What is abundant in the matrix?

A

Full of proteins

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7
Q

Where do most reactions happen in mitochondria?

A

On the inner membreane

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8
Q

Where is most NADH and FADH2 found and why?

A

In the mitochondria due to citric acid cycle and B-oxidation

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9
Q

Where is some NADH and FADH2 found and what needs to happen to them?

A

In the cytosol and they need to be transfered into the mitochondria

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10
Q

Which of NADH and FADH2 can cross the membrane of the mitochondria?

A

NADH cannot cross the membrane, but FADH2 can pass its electrons onto the electron transport chain

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11
Q

What is the passage of electrons from FADH2 into the electron transport chain called?

A

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

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12
Q

What does the glycerol phosphate shuttle look like?

A
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13
Q

What happens during the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A
  1. NADH passes its electrons onto dihydroxyacetone phosphate which becomes glycerol-3-phosphate
  2. Crosses the outer membrane and passes electrons onto FAD which becomes FADH2
  3. FADH2 enters the electron transport chain
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14
Q

Which of the oxidation of FADH2 and NADH generates more ATP per molecule?

A

NADH

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15
Q

What is the disadvantage of using substrates from the cytosol?

A

An energetic price is paid getting them into the mitochondria

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16
Q

What are the 4 proteins that make up the electron transport chain?

A
  1. NADH-Q Oxidoreductase
  2. Succinate-Q reductase
  3. Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase
  4. Cytochrome C oxidase
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17
Q

How many of the 4 proteins of the electron transport chain push protons across?

A

3

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18
Q

What proteins of the electron transport chain push protons acorss?

A

NADH-Q oxidoreductase (1)

Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase (3)

Cytochrome C oxidase (4)

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19
Q

What impacts the amount of energy you can yield from electron carriers?

A

Which protein of the electron transport chain they use, as succinate-Q reductase doesn’t push protons through

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20
Q

What does complex 1 (NADH-Q oxidoreductase) do?

A

Oxideses NADH and passes e- onto ubiquinone to make ubiquinol (QH2)

Passes H+ into the intermembrane space

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21
Q

What centres does complex 1 (NADH-Q reductase) use?

A

Fe-S centres

FMN (flavin mononuleotide)

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22
Q

What does complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) do?

A

Oxidises FADH2 and passes e- to ubinquinone which becomes ubiquinol (QH2)

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23
Q

What centres does complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) utilise?

A

Fe-S centres

24
Q

What does the haem group do in complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase)?

A

Stops stray electrons from going somewhere else

25
Q

What is ubiquinone (Q) called in the mitochondria?

A

Q10 (10 isoprene repeats)

26
Q

What are ubiquinone’s other names?

A

Q10

Coenzyme Q10

27
Q

What does complex 3 (Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase) do?

A

Takes electrons from QH2 (converting it back to Q) and passes them to Cytochrome C

Pumps protons into intermembrane space

28
Q

What does the oxidation of one molecule of QH2 produce?

A

2 molecules of reduced cytochrome C

29
Q

What does complex 4 (Cytochrome C oxidase) do?

A

Takes electrons from cytochrome C and passes them to O2)

Pumps protons into the intermembrane space

30
Q

What centres does complex 4 (Cytochrome C reductase) utilise?

A

Fe-Cu centres

31
Q

What do electrons cause protons to do?

A

Work which generates a proton gradient

32
Q

What are the two carriers used in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH

FADH2

33
Q

Where does the NADH that is used in the electron transport chain come from?

A

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

B-oxidation

34
Q

Where does the FADH2 that is used in the electron transport chain come from?

A

B-oxidation

NADH via G-3-P shuttle

35
Q

How many hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped per electron?

A

1

36
Q

What is the enzyme that uses the proton gradient to generate ATP?

A

ATP synthase

37
Q

What is the energy stored in the proton gradient used by?

A

EMF (allows proton gradient to do work)

ATP synthase (acts as a molecular turbine which harnesses the energy of the gradient)

38
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Protons moving from the matrix to the outer of the inside mitochondrial membrane as e- pass through the complex of the electron transport chain

39
Q

What is a proton motive force?

A

When protons are allowed to flow back down their concentration gradient they release energy to do work

40
Q

What happens once protons eventually flow back down their concentration gradients?

A

ATP synthase sits on these sites which uses the energy from them passing through to convert ADP + Pi → ATP

41
Q

What are the 2 parts of ATP synthase?

A

F0 (membrane bound protein)

F1 (protrudes into mitochondrial matrix)

42
Q

What is F0?

A

Has 10 subunits that connect it to F1

43
Q

What is F1?

A

Produces ATP from proton motive force energy connected by F0

44
Q

What is the process of ATP synthase performing its function?

A
  1. ADP + Pi enter beta sub unit
  2. Rotation of F0 cylander and gamma shaft causes a confirmational change in the beta subunit of F1
  3. Catalyses ADP + Pi → ATP
45
Q

What is most of the energy used by ATP synthase required for?

A

Releasing the formed ATP

46
Q

How many H+ leave as one goes in?

A

1

47
Q

How does the sequential conformational change of the beta subunit of F1 work?

A

B1 binds ADP + Pi (ready to react)

B2 binds ATP (ready to be released)

B3 doesn’t bind ATP (empty)

48
Q

When does F0 rotate?

A

Once every 2 protons enter the space

49
Q

How much ATP does 3 H+ produce?

A

1 molecule

50
Q

Why does NADH pump more protons than FADH2?

A

It enters the first complex whereas FADH2 enters the second

51
Q

Stoichiochemically, how much ATP does NADH and FADH2 produce?

A

NADH generates 2.5 molecules of ATP per molecule

FADH2 generates 1.5 molecules of ATP per molecule

52
Q

What is the total yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?

A

30 or 32 molecules of ATP, most from electron carriers

53
Q

What happens if the inner mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to H+?

A

H+ concentration gradient cannot be generated

Electron transport chain reduces O2 to H20 still, but no ATP is generated

Energy is released as heat instead

54
Q

What is it called when the inner mitochondrial becomes permeable to H+?

A

Uncoupling

55
Q

When is uncoupling intentional and why?

A

In brown fat to generate heat

01. Year 1: Science for Medicine (55 decks)

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