Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMC112L - 2nd Sem/1st Cycle > [TERM2:L2]: EMULSIONS AND SUSPENSIONS > Flashcards

[TERM2:L2]: EMULSIONS AND SUSPENSIONS Flashcards

1
Q

USP:
a two-phased system
in which one liquid is dispersed in the form
of small globules throughout another
liquid. Components are two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. The immiscible liquids are combined into a homogenous mixture by means of an emulsifying agent.

A

Emulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Its main component is the:

Dispersed phase (dp) IP
&
Dispersion medium (dm) EP.

A

Emulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of Emulsions

A
  1. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion - this is where the oil or oil-soluble drug
    is dispersed throughout an aqueous dispersion medium.
  2. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion - this is where the water-soluble drug is dispersed throughout an oleaginous dispersion medium.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

this is where the oil or oil-soluble drug
is dispersed throughout an aqueous dispersion medium.

A

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

this is where the water-soluble drug is dispersed throughout an oleaginous dispersion medium.

A

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classes of Emulsifying Agent

A
  1. Natural Emulsifying Agent
  2. Finely Divided Solids
  3. Synthetic Emulsifying Agent
    a. Anionic
    b. Cation
    c. Nonionic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

These are derived from either animal or vegetable sources. From animals: gelatin, egg yolk, casein.
From vegetables: acacia, tragacanth, pectin

A

Natural Emulsifying Agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of Finely Divided Solids

A

bentonite, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of Synthetic Emulsifying Agent

A

a. Anionic – sodium sulfate
b. Cationic – benzalkonium chloride
c. Non-ionic – polyethylene glycol 400

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION

A
  1. Surface Tension Theory - The used emulsifiers and stabilizers results in the lowering of the interfacial tension
  2. Oriented-wedge Theory - certain emulsifying agents orient themselves about and within a liquid in a manner reflective of their solubility in that particular liquid
  3. Plastic or Interfacial Film Theory - emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water surrounding the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of the drops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The used emulsifiers and stabilizers results in the lowering of the interfacial tension (the force causing two immiscible liquids to resist breaking up into smaller particles) of the two immiscible liquids, reducing the repellant force between the liquids and diminishing each liquid attraction for its own molecules. With this, it also helps the breaking up of large globules into the smaller ones which then have lesser than usual tendency to reunite or coalesce

A

Surface Tension Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The theory based on the presumption that certain emulsifying agents orient themselves about and within a liquid in a manner reflective of their solubility in that particular liquid. In a system containing two immiscible liquids presumably the emulsifying agent would be preferably soluble on one of the phases and would be embedded more deeply and tenaciously into the phase than the other.

A

Oriented-wedge Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

This theory places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water surrounding the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of the drops. The film prevents the contact and coalescing of the dispersed phase. The tougher and more pliable the film, the greater the stability of the emulsion.

A

Plastic or Interfacial Film Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

METHODS OF PREPARATION OF EMULSIONS:

A
  1. English or Wet gum Method
  2. Continental or Dry gum Method
  3. Forbes Bottle Method
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ORAL EMULSIONS EXAMPLES:

A
  1. Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion (Mineral Oil Emulsion)
    - used as lubricant cathartic with a usual dose of 30 mL.
  2. Castor Oil Emulsion
    - used as a laxative
    - DOSE:
    Adults: 45 mL or 3 tablespoonfuls,
    2 to 6 years old: 15 mL
    < 2 years old: 5 mL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oral emulsion that is used as lubricant cathartic with a usual dose of 30 mL.

A

Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion (Mineral Oil Emulsion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oral emulsion that is used as a laxative

A

Castor oil emulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Castor oil emulsion dose

A
  • Adults: 45 mL or 3 tablespoonfuls,
  • 2 to 6 years old: 15 mL
  • < 2 years old: 5 mL
19
Q

preparations containing finely divided drugs distributed uniformly throughout another liquid. These finely divided drugs may settle over time and will require shaking to disperse the drug through the dispersion medium.

A

Suspensions

20
Q

CLASSES OF SUSPENSION:

A
  1. Lotions
  2. Magmas and mixtures
21
Q

METHODS OF PREPARATION OF SUSPENSIONS:

A
  1. Triturating the ingredients into a smooth paste and cautiously adding the remaining liquid phase
  2. Chemical interaction in Liquid (Precipitation)
22
Q

FORMS OF SUSPENSIONS:

A
  1. Ready-To-Use - official and commercially available; the product is already distributed through a vehicle with or without stabilizers and other pharmaceutical additives
  2. Dry Powders Intended For Suspension - in liquid vehicles; a powder mixture containing the drug and suitable suspending and dispersing agents which upon dilution and agitation with a specific quantity of vehicle (purified water) results in the formation of a suspension suitable for administration
  3. Dry Powders Intended For Reconstitution - Drugs that are unstable if maintained for extended periods of time in the presence of aqueous vehicle are most frequently supplied as dry powder mixtures for reconstitution at the time of dispensing like antibiotics
  4. “For Oral Suspension” - prepared suspension does not require reconstitution.
23
Q

FEATURES DESIRED IN SUSPENSION:

A
  1. Should settle slowly and be readily dispersed upon gentle shaking
  2. Particle size of suspensoid remains fairly constant
  3. Pours readily and evenly from its container
24
Q

PROBLEMS IN SUSPENSION:

A
  1. Caking - the needle-shaped particles formed as tenacious sediment (cake particles) which could not be redistributed
  2. Sedimentation - the rapid settling of particles hinders the accurate measurement of dosage and from an aesthetic point of view, produces too unsightly, and a supernatant layer.
25
Q

the needle-shaped particles formed as tenacious sediment (cake particles) which could not be redistributed

A

Caking

26
Q

the rapid settling of particles hinders the accurate measurement of dosage and from an aesthetic point of view, produces too unsightly, and a supernatant layer.

A

Sedimentation

27
Q

PACKAGING AND STORAGE OF SUSPENSIONS:

A
  • wide-mouthed containers
  • adequate air space above the liquid to permit shaking
  • protected from excessive heat, light and freezing
  • should be shaken before use.
  • auxiliary label “Shake Well”
28
Q

REASONS FOR USING ORAL SUSPENSIONS:

A
  1. Chemically unstable
  2. Liquid forms like suspension is preferred over solid forms
  3. Disagreeable taste can be masked by vehicle/sweetener
29
Q

Study of flow

A

Rheology

30
Q

SAA

A

Surface Active Agent

31
Q

makes the powder more penetrable to the dispersion medium.

A

Wetting Agent

32
Q

Examples of wetting agents

A

Alcohol, Glycerin, other Hygroscopic liquids

33
Q

semisolid systems consisting of dispersions made up of either small inorganic particles or large organic molecules enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid. They are semi -rigid systems in which the movement of the dispersing medium is restricted by an interlacing three -dimensional network of particles or solvated macromolecules of the dispersed phase.

A

Gels

34
Q

aqueous suspension of insoluble inorganic drugs. In instances in which the gel mass consists of floccules of small distinct particles, the gel is classified as a two -phased system and frequently called magmas and mil.

A

Magmas

35
Q

PREPARATION OF MAGMAS AND GELS:

A
  1. Precipitating dispersed phase
  2. Direct hydration in water of inorganic chemical
36
Q

EXAMPLES OF MAGMAS AND GELS:

A

BAMSoPhoTre To BeFlu

  1. Bentonite magma
    - 5% bentonite (a native colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate) in purified water
  2. Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, USP
    - aqueous suspension of gelatinous precipitate composed of insoluble aluminum hydroxide and the hydrated aluminum oxide equivalent to about 4% of aluminum oxide.
    - Antacid preparation; treatment of hyperacidity and peptic ulcer.
    - a white, viscous suspension
  3. Milk of Magnesia
    - 7 to 8.5% of magnesium hydroxide.
    - Antacid
    - DOSE:
    5 mL, four times a day if necessary.
    30 to 60 mL may be taken as a laxative.
  4. Sodium Fluoride and Phosphoric Acid gel, USP
    - applied topically to the teeth as a dental care prophylaxis.
  5. Tretinoin Gel, USP
    - irritant which stimulates epidermal cell turnover and cause peeling and is effective in the treatment of acne
  6. Tolnaftate Gel, USP
    - antifungal preparation.
  7. Betamethasone Benzoate Gel, USP and Fluocinoxide Gel, USP
    - anti-inflammatory corticosteroid.
37
Q

5% bentonite (a native colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate) in purified water

A

Bentonite magma

38
Q

aqueous suspension of gelatinous precipitate composed of insoluble aluminum hydroxide and the hydrated aluminum oxide equivalent to about 4% of aluminum oxide.

Antacid preparation; treatment of hyperacidity and peptic ulcer.

a white, viscous suspension

A

Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, USP

39
Q

7 to 8.5% of magnesium hydroxide.

Antacid

DOSE:
5 mL, four times a day if necessary.
30 to 60 mL may be taken as a laxative.

A

Milk of Magnesia

40
Q

applied topically to the teeth as a dental care prophylaxis.

A

Sodium Fluoride and Phosphoric Acid gel, USP

41
Q

irritant which stimulates epidermal cell turnover and cause peeling and is effective in the treatment of acne

A

Tretinoin Gel, USP

42
Q

antifungal preparation.

A

Tolnaftate Gel, USP

43
Q

anti-inflammatory corticosteroid.

A

Betamethasone Benzoate Gel, USP and Fluocinoxide Gel, USP

44
Q

Stand undisturbed for some period of time, it sets to a gel. Upon agitation, the sol form returns. The process is reversible.
This occurs only when its concentration is about 4%.

A

Thixotrophy

PMC112L - 2nd Sem/1st Cycle (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions