Term Test 3

Question 1

Define Pathophysiology

Answer 1

The study of the functioning of an organism which is suffering or living with a certain disease.

Question 2

Where does the adaptation of external stressful stimuli typically occur?

Answer 2

The adaptation of external stimuli typically occurs at the cellular and tissue level.

Question 3

Define Homeostasis

Answer 3

The process by which the body keeps its internal environment stable and balanced, despite changes in the outside world. It helps maintain things like temperature, water levels, and blood sugar within a healthy range so the body can function properly.

Question 4

State the bodies primary method of maintaining hemostasis

Answer 4

Counterbalanced by counter-regulatory systems

Question 5

List all 3 Homeostatic Regulation Factors

Answer 5

Regulation of pH (Acid-Base Balance)
Body Temperature
Fluid Exchange

Question 6

State the most abundant extracellular cation

Answer 6

Sodium (Na⁺)

Question 7

State the most abundant extracellular Anion

Answer 7

Chloride (Cl⁻)

Question 8

State the most abundant intracellular Cation

Answer 8

Potassium (K⁺)

Question 9

State the most abundant intracellular Anion

Answer 9

Phosphate (PO₄³⁻) (primarily in the form of organic phosphates like ATP)

Question 10

Solvent vs. Solute

Answer 10

Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute. It is typically the component present in the largest amount. In many biological systems, water is the most common solvent. It does not change its state when the solute is dissolved.

Solute: The substance that is dissolved in the solvent. It is typically present in a smaller amount compared to the solvent. Solutes can be solids, liquids, or gases and are what make up the solution when they dissolve in the solvent.

Question 11

Define Atrophy and provide an example of how this occurs.

Answer 11

Definition: Atrophy refers to the decrease in the size or wasting away of a tissue or organ due to the reduction in cell size or number.

Example: Muscle atrophy occurs when muscles shrink due to lack of use, such as in a person who is bedridden for an extended period or someone with a neurological condition that impairs muscle activity.

Question 12

Define Hypertrophy and provide an example of how this occurs.

Answer 12

Definition: Hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of a tissue or organ through an increase in the size of its individual cells.

Example: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy occurs when muscles enlarge as a result of regular strength training or resistance exercise, where individual muscle fibers increase in size due to the increased workload.

Question 13

Define Dysplasia and provide an example of how this occurs.

Answer 13

Definition: Dysplasia refers to the abnormal development or growth of cells within tissues, often leading to disorganized cell structure or increased variation in cell size and shape.

Example: Cervical dysplasia is an abnormal growth of cells on the cervix, often caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is considered a precursor to cervical cancer.

Question 14

Define Metaplasia and provide an example of how this occurs.

Answer 14

Definition: Metaplasia refers to the reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type, often as an adaptive response to stress or injury.

Example: Squamous metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium occurs when the normal ciliated columnar cells in the airway lining are replaced by squamous cells (flat cells), often in response to chronic irritation, such as smoking.

Question 15

Define Hyperplasia and provide an example of how this occurs.

Answer 15

Definition: Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, leading to its enlargement.

Example: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in older men, where the cells of the prostate gland increase in number, leading to the enlargement of the prostate.

Question 16

State the 4 receptor sites that allow Sympathetic Adrenergic Binding.

Answer 16

Alpha I
Alpha II
Beta I
Beta II

Question 17

Negative Feedback Loop

Answer 17

Negative feedback mechanisms work to counteract or reverse a change, maintaining the body’s internal environment within a set range (homeostasis).

Question 18

Positive Feedback Loop

Answer 18

Positive feedback mechanisms amplify or accelerate a change, pushing the system further from its starting state rather than returning it to a baseline.

Question 19

Define Ligand and the “lock and key” analogy.

Answer 19

A ligand is a molecule that binds to a specific receptor to trigger a biological response. Ligands can be various types of molecules, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or drugs, and they interact with receptors located on the surface of cells or inside cells.

The “lock and key” analogy is a simple way of explaining how ligands interact with their specific receptors. In this analogy:

The lock represents the receptor, a protein or molecule on the surface or inside a cell.
The key represents the ligand, the molecule that binds to the receptor.
Just as a key is designed to fit only one specific lock, a ligand is typically designed to fit only one specific receptor.

Question 20

Explain active transport and list an example.

Answer 20

Active Transport:
Requires energy: ATP is usually needed to power the process.
Moves substances against their concentration gradient: From an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Involves transport proteins: These proteins help carry out the movement across the cell membrane.

Example:
Sodium Potassium Pump

Question 21

Define Perfusion

Question 22

Define Hypoperfusion

Answer 22

Hypoperfusion is a condition where there is inadequate blood flow to tissues and organs, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients needed for proper function.

Question 23

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion?

Answer 23

Signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion include:

-Pale, cool, or clammy skin
-Rapid or weak pulse
-Low blood pressure (hypotension)
-Confusion or altered mental status
-Weakness or fatigue
-Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
-Dizziness or lightheadedness
-Decreased urine output
-Thirst

These symptoms occur due to insufficient blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs.

Question 24

Write out the chemical formula for Cellular Metabolism.

Answer 24

The chemical formula for cellular metabolism (specifically cellular respiration) is:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

This represents the process where glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) are used to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and ATP (energy).

Question 25

State the normal blood pH.

Answer 25

The normal blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45.

Question 26

Define pH

Answer 26

pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, based on the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺). It ranges from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic), with 7 being neutral.

Question 27

Define Starling’s forces.

Answer 27

Starling’s forces refer to the physical forces that regulate the movement of fluid across capillary walls. They include:

Hydrostatic pressure: The pressure exerted by the blood on the capillary walls, promoting fluid out of the capillaries into the tissues.

Oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure): The pressure exerted by proteins (mainly albumin) in the blood, pulling fluid into the capillaries.

The balance between these forces determines whether fluid is filtered out of the capillaries into tissues (filtration) or absorbed back into the capillaries (reabsorption).

Question 28

What happens when the Sodium-Potassium Pump Dysfunctions?

Answer 28

Sodium-Potassium Pump Dysfunction

-Sodium buildup inside the cell.
-Potassium loss outside the cell.
-Cell swelling due to water influx.
-Disrupted membrane potential, impairing nerve and muscle function.
-Impaired cellular functions, leading to potential cell damage or death.

Question 29

Explain the Sodium Potassium Pump and be sure to include the number of sodium and Potassium molecules that change place.

Answer 29

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 sodium ions (Na⁺) out of the cell and 2 potassium ions (K⁺) into the cell.
This process requires ATP for energy.
It helps maintain the resting membrane potential and electrochemical gradients, essential for nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and other cellular functions.

Question 30

Define Colloid Solution and provide an example.

Answer 30

A colloid solution is a mixture where particles (larger than those in a true solution) are suspended throughout a solvent, but do not settle out over time. These particles are typically in the nanometer to micrometer range.

Example: Blood plasma is a colloid, as it contains large proteins (like albumin) suspended in water without settling.