Term Test 3 Flashcards
Study cards for pt care term test 3
Define Pathophysiology
The study of the functioning of an organism which is suffering or living with a certain disease.
Where does the adaptation of external stressful stimuli typically occur?
The adaptation of external stimuli typically occurs at the cellular and tissue level.
Define Homeostasis
The process by which the body keeps its internal environment stable and balanced, despite changes in the outside world. It helps maintain things like temperature, water levels, and blood sugar within a healthy range so the body can function properly.
State the bodies primary method of maintaining hemostasis
Counterbalanced by counter-regulatory systems
List all 3 Homeostatic Regulation Factors
Regulation of pH (Acid-Base Balance)
Body Temperature
Fluid Exchange
State the most abundant extracellular cation
Sodium (Na⁺)
State the most abundant extracellular Anion
Chloride (Cl⁻)
State the most abundant intracellular Cation
Potassium (K⁺)
State the most abundant intracellular Anion
Phosphate (PO₄³⁻) (primarily in the form of organic phosphates like ATP)
Solvent vs. Solute
Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute. It is typically the component present in the largest amount. In many biological systems, water is the most common solvent. It does not change its state when the solute is dissolved.
Solute: The substance that is dissolved in the solvent. It is typically present in a smaller amount compared to the solvent. Solutes can be solids, liquids, or gases and are what make up the solution when they dissolve in the solvent.
Define Atrophy and provide an example of how this occurs.
Definition: Atrophy refers to the decrease in the size or wasting away of a tissue or organ due to the reduction in cell size or number.
Example: Muscle atrophy occurs when muscles shrink due to lack of use, such as in a person who is bedridden for an extended period or someone with a neurological condition that impairs muscle activity.
Define Hypertrophy and provide an example of how this occurs.
Definition: Hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of a tissue or organ through an increase in the size of its individual cells.
Example: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy occurs when muscles enlarge as a result of regular strength training or resistance exercise, where individual muscle fibers increase in size due to the increased workload.
Define Dysplasia and provide an example of how this occurs.
Definition: Dysplasia refers to the abnormal development or growth of cells within tissues, often leading to disorganized cell structure or increased variation in cell size and shape.
Example: Cervical dysplasia is an abnormal growth of cells on the cervix, often caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is considered a precursor to cervical cancer.
Define Metaplasia and provide an example of how this occurs.
Definition: Metaplasia refers to the reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type, often as an adaptive response to stress or injury.
Example: Squamous metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium occurs when the normal ciliated columnar cells in the airway lining are replaced by squamous cells (flat cells), often in response to chronic irritation, such as smoking.
Define Hyperplasia and provide an example of how this occurs.
Definition: Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, leading to its enlargement.
Example: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs in older men, where the cells of the prostate gland increase in number, leading to the enlargement of the prostate.
State the 4 receptor sites that allow Sympathetic Adrenergic Binding.
Alpha I
Alpha II
Beta I
Beta II
Negative Feedback Loop
Negative feedback mechanisms work to counteract or reverse a change, maintaining the body’s internal environment within a set range (homeostasis).
Positive Feedback Loop
Positive feedback mechanisms amplify or accelerate a change, pushing the system further from its starting state rather than returning it to a baseline.
Define Ligand and the “lock and key” analogy.
A ligand is a molecule that binds to a specific receptor to trigger a biological response. Ligands can be various types of molecules, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or drugs, and they interact with receptors located on the surface of cells or inside cells.
The “lock and key” analogy is a simple way of explaining how ligands interact with their specific receptors. In this analogy:
The lock represents the receptor, a protein or molecule on the surface or inside a cell.
The key represents the ligand, the molecule that binds to the receptor.
Just as a key is designed to fit only one specific lock, a ligand is typically designed to fit only one specific receptor.
Explain active transport and list an example.
Active Transport:
Requires energy: ATP is usually needed to power the process.
Moves substances against their concentration gradient: From an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Involves transport proteins: These proteins help carry out the movement across the cell membrane.
Example:
Sodium Potassium Pump
Define Perfusion
Define Hypoperfusion
Hypoperfusion is a condition where there is inadequate blood flow to tissues and organs, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients needed for proper function.
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion?
Signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion include:
-Pale, cool, or clammy skin
-Rapid or weak pulse
-Low blood pressure (hypotension)
-Confusion or altered mental status
-Weakness or fatigue
-Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
-Dizziness or lightheadedness
-Decreased urine output
-Thirst
These symptoms occur due to insufficient blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs.
Write out the chemical formula for Cellular Metabolism.
The chemical formula for cellular metabolism (specifically cellular respiration) is:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
This represents the process where glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) are used to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and ATP (energy).
