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BIO208 > Term Test 2 > Flashcards

Term Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acromion

A

flattened bony process that extends laterally from the scapular spine to form the bony tip of the
shoulder

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2
Q

Agonist

A

(also, prime mover) muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular motion

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3
Q

Antagonist

A

muscle that opposes the action of an agonist

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4
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A

synovial joint formed between the spherical end of one bone (the ball) that fits into the
depression of a second bone (the socket); found at the hip and shoulder joints; functionally
classified as a multiaxial joint

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5
Q

Bi

A

Two

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6
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

two-headed muscle that crosses the shoulder and elbow joints to flex the forearm while
assisting in supinating it and flexing the arm at the shoulder

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7
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

synovial joint in which the shallow depression at the end of one bone receives a rounded end
from a second bone or a rounded structure formed by two bones; found at the
metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers or the radiocarpal joint of the wrist; functionally
classified as a biaxial joint

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8
Q

Contractility

A

ability to shorten (contract) forcibly

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9
Q

Contraction Phase

A

twitch contraction phase when tension increases action potential

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10
Q

Coracoid Process

A

short, hook-like process that projects anteriorly and laterally from the superior margin of the
scapula

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11
Q

Costal Cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage structure attached to the anterior end of each rib that provides for either direct
or indirect attachment of most ribs to the sternum

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12
Q

Deltoid

A

shoulder muscle that abducts the arm as well as flexes and medially rotates it, and extends
and laterally rotates it

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13
Q

Deltoid Tuberosity

A

roughened, V-shaped region located laterally on the mid-shaft of the humerus
extensor

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14
Q

Extensor Carpi Ulnarius

A

muscle that extends and adducts the hand

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15
Q

Fixator

A

synergist that assists an agonist by preventing or reducing movement at another joint, thereby
stabilizing the origin of the agonist

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16
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

A

muscle that flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist

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17
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A

shoulder joint; formed by the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the
head of the humerus

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18
Q

Glenoid Cavity

A

(also, glenoid fossa) shallow depression located on the lateral scapula, between the superior
and lateral borders

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19
Q

Hamate

A

from the lateral side, the fourth of the four distal carpal bones

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20
Q

Head of the Humerus

A

smooth, rounded region on the medial side of the proximal humerus; articulates with the
glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

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21
Q

Hinge Joint

A

synovial joint at which the convex surface of one bone articulates with the concave surface of a
second bone; includes the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints; functionally classified
as a uniaxial joint

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22
Q

Hook of the Hamate Bone

A

bony extension located on the anterior side of the hamate carpal bone

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23
Q

Iliac Crest

A

curved, superior margin of the ilium

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24
Q

Infraglenoid Tubercle

A

small bump or roughened area located on the lateral border of the scapula, near the inferior
margin of the glenoid cavity

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25
Q

Intertubercular Groove (sulcus)

A

bicipital groove; narrow groove located between the greater and lesser tubercles of the
humerus

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26
Q

Latent Period

A

the time when a twitch does not produce contraction

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27
Q

Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus

A

small projection located on the lateral side of the distal humerus

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28
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

broad, triangular axial muscle located on the inferior part of the back

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29
Q

Medial Border of the Scapula

A

elongated, medial margin of the scapula

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30
Q

Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus

A

enlarged projection located on the medial side of the distal humerus

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31
Q

Motor Unit

A

motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates

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32
Q

Muscle Tension

A

force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic
contractions and isometric contractions

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33
Q

Muscle Tone

A

low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement

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34
Q

Myogram

A

instrument used to measure twitch tension

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35
Q

Olecranon Process

A

expanded posterior and superior portions of the proximal ulna; forms the bony tip of the elbow

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36
Q

Opponens Digiti (minimi)

A

muscle that brings the little finger across the palm to meet the thumb

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37
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

shoulder girdle, made up of the clavicle and scapula

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38
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

thick, fan-shaped axial muscle that covers much of the superior thorax

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39
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

muscle that moves the scapula and assists in inhalation

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40
Q

Prime Mover (aka agonist)

A

principle muscle involved in an action

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41
Q

Pronator Teres

A

pronator that originates on the humerus and inserts on the radius

42
Q

Recruitment

A

increase in the number of motor units involved in contraction

43
Q

Relaxation Phase

A

period after twitch contraction when tension decreases

44
Q

Rhomboid Major

A

muscle that attaches the vertebral border of the scapula to the spinous process of the thoracic
vertebrae

45
Q

Spine of the Scapula

A

prominent ridge passing mediolaterally across the upper portion of the posterior scapular
surface

46
Q

Supinator

A

muscle that moves the palm and forearm anteriorly

47
Q

Supraglenoid Tubercle

A

small bump located at the superior margin of the glenoid cavity

48
Q

Synergist

A

muscle whose contraction helps a prime mover in an action

49
Q

Tetanus

A

a continuous fused contraction

50
Q

Trapezius

A

muscle that stabilizes the upper part of the back

51
Q

Tri

A

Three

52
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

three-headed muscle that extends the forearm

53
Q

Twitch

A

single contraction produced by one action potential

54
Q

Wave Summation

A

addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction
change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of
an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers

55
Q

Activation Gate

A

part of the voltage-gated Na+ channel that opens when the membrane voltage reaches
threshold

56
Q

Axon

A

single process of the neuron that carries an electrical signal (action potential) away from the
cell body toward a target cell

57
Q

Axon Hillock

A

tapering of the neuron cell body that gives rise to the axon

58
Q

Axon Segment

A

single stretch of the axon insulated by myelin and bounded by nodes of Ranvier at either end
(except for the first, which is after the initial segment, and the last, which is followed by the
axon terminal)

59
Q

Axon Terminal

A

end of the axon, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell

60
Q

Axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of an axon, which is different in composition than the cytoplasm of the neuronal cell
body

61
Q

Dendrite

A

one of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a
contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells

62
Q

Depolarization

A

change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero

63
Q

External Oblique

A

superficial abdominal muscle with fascicles that extend inferiorly and medially
flattened bony process that extends laterally from the scapular spine to form the bony tip of the
shoulder

64
Q

Facial Nerve

A

cranial nerve VII (seven) extending from brain stem area to the facial muscles through
stylomastoid foramen

65
Q

Foramen Ovale of the Middle Cranial Fossa

A

oval-shaped opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa

66
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

while the K+ channels are open, membrane goes slightly over the resting potential

67
Q

Inactivation Gate

A

part of a voltage-gated Na+ channel that closes when the membrane potential reaches +30 mV
insertion

68
Q

Insertion

A

end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to the structure (usually a bone) that is moved when
the muscle contracts

69
Q

Internal Oblique

A

flat, intermediate abdominal muscle with fascicles that run perpendicular to those of the
external oblique

70
Q

Jugular Foramen

A

irregularly shaped opening located in the lateral floor of the posterior cranial cavity

71
Q

Lateral Pterygoid

A

muscle that moves the mandible from side to side

72
Q

Linea Alba

A

white, fibrous band that runs along the midline of the trunk

73
Q

Masseter

A

main muscle for chewing that elevates the mandible to close the mouth

74
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

75
Q

Mastoid Process

A

large bony prominence on the inferior, lateral skull, just behind the earlobe

76
Q

Membrane Potential

A

distribution of charge across the cell membrane, based on the charges of ions

77
Q

Nerve

A

cord-like bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input
and response output to and from the central nervous system

78
Q

Neuron

A

neural tissue cell that is primarily responsible for generating and propagating electrical signals
into, within, and out of the nervous system

79
Q

Oblique

A

At an angle

80
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

circular muscle that closes the eye

81
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

circular muscle that moves the lips

82
Q

Origin

A

end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to another structure (usually a bone) in a fixed position

83
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

long, linear muscle that extends along the middle of the trunk

84
Q

Refractory Period

A

time after the initiation of an action potential when another action potential cannot be
generated

85
Q

Repolarization

A

return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action
potential

86
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

the difference in voltage measured across a cell membrane under steady-state conditions,
typically -70 mV

87
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

nerve is connected to the spinal cord at cervical levels 3 to 5 responsible for the muscle
contractions that drive ventilation

88
Q

Spinal Cord

A

organ of the central nervous system found within the vertebral cavity and connected with the
periphery through spinal nerves; mediates reflex behaviors

89
Q

Splenius Capitis

A

neck muscle that inserts into the head region

90
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the head

91
Q

Stylomastoid Foramen

A

opening located on inferior skull, between the styloid process and mastoid process
styloid

92
Q

Styloid Process

A

downward projecting, elongated bony process located on the inferior aspect of the skull

93
Q

Synapse

A

narrow junction across which a chemical signal passes from neuron to the next, initiating a new
electrical signal in the target cell

94
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

small gap between cells in a chemical synapse where neurotransmitter diffuses from the
presynaptic element to the postsynaptic element

95
Q

Temporalis

A

muscle that retracts the mandible

96
Q

Threshold

A

membrane voltage at which an action potential is initiated

97
Q

Transversus Abdominus

A

muscle that compresses abdominal viscera

98
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

cranial nerve V (five) extending from brain stem area to the jaw muscles through foramen ovale

99
Q

Voltage-Gated Channel

A

ion channel that opens because of a change in the charge distributed across the membrane
where it is located

100
Q

Zygomaticus Major

A

muscle that draws upper lip upwards

BIO208 (2 decks)

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