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BIO208 > Term Test 1 > Flashcards

Term Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Control Center

A

Compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of the effector

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2
Q

Effector

A

Organ that can cause a change in a value

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

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4
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing and excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

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5
Q

Positive feedback

A

Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus

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6
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

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7
Q

Sensor

A

Reports a monitored physiological value to the control center. AKA receptor

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8
Q

Action potential

A

Change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers

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9
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

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10
Q

Articulation

A

Where two bone surfaces meet

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11
Q

Bone

A

Hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

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12
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s cytoplasmic extension that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

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13
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously

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14
Q

Cartilage

A

Semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth
surfaces support movement

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15
Q

Central canal

A

Longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic
vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

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16
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cells of the cartilage

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17
Q

Collagen fiber

A

Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

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18
Q

Connective tissue

A

Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and
systems

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19
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

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20
Q

Depolarize

A

To reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell’s plasma membrane
(the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest

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21
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity

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22
Q

Elastic fiber

A

Fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin
that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size

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23
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity

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25
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

Completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate

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26
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

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27
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A

Sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber’s sarcomeres

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28
Q

Fibroblast

A

Most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the
extracellular space

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29
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
ground substance

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30
Q

Flat Bone

A

Thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

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31
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

A

Specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

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32
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

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33
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a
chondroitin sulfate ground substance

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34
Q

Lacunae

A

(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy

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35
Q

Long Bone

A

Cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever

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36
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

(also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

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37
Q

Matrix

A

Extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers

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38
Q

Mesenchymal Cell

A

Adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

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39
Q

Modeling

A

Process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another

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40
Q

Myoblast

A

Muscle-forming stem cell

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41
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

Small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

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42
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

Bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

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43
Q

Ossification Center

A

Cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification

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44
Q

Osteoid

A

Uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

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45
Q

Osteon

A

(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

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46
Q

Power Stroke

A

Action of myosin pulling actin inward (toward the M line)

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47
Q

Primary Ossification Center

A

Region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral
ossification

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48
Q

Projection

A

Bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

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49
Q

Secondary Ossification Center

A

Region of bone development in the epiphyses

50
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated

51
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindleshaped,
and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber

52
Q

Spongy Bone

A

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

53
Q

Supportive Connective Tissue

A

Type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue

54
Q

Accessory Nerve

A

Cranial nerve XI (eleven) extending from brain stem area to the neck muscles through jugular foramen

55
Q

Facial Nerve

A

Cranial nerve VII (seven) extending from brain stem area to the facial muscles through stylomastoid foramen

56
Q

Foramen Ovale of the Middle Cranial Fossa

A

Oval-shaped opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa

57
Q

Acetabulum

A

Large, cup-shaped cavity located on the lateral side of the hip bone; formed by the junction of
the ilium, pubis, and ischium portions of the hip bone

58
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A

Articulation between the acromion of the scapula and the acromial end of the clavicle

59
Q

Acromion

A

Flattened bony process that extends laterally from the scapular spine to form the bony tip of the
shoulder

60
Q

Ankle Joint

A

Joint that separates the leg and foot portions of the lower limb; formed by the articulations
between the talus bone of the foot inferiorly, and the distal end of the tibia, medial malleolus of
the tibia, and lateral malleolus of the fibula superiorly

61
Q

Arm

A

Region of the upper limb located between the shoulder and elbow joints; contains the humerus

62
Q

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

A

Articulation between the occipital condyles of the skull and the superior articular processes of the atlas (C1 vertebra)

63
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A

Synovial joint formed between the spherical end of one bone (the ball) that fits into the
depression of a second bone (the socket); found at the hip and shoulder joints; functionally
classified as a multiaxial joint

64
Q

Biaxial Joint

A

Type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within two planes (two axes)

65
Q

Body of the Rib

A

Shaft portion of a rib

66
Q

Brain Case

A

Portion of the skull that contains and protects the brain, consisting of the eight bones that form the cranial base and rounded upper skull

67
Q

Carpometacarpal Joint

A

Articulation between one of the carpal bones in the distal row and a metacarpal bone of the
hand

68
Q

Cicumduction

A

Circular motion of the arm, thigh, hand, thumb, or finger that is produced by the sequential
combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

69
Q

Condyle

A

Oval-shaped process located at the top of the condylar process of the mandible

70
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

Synovial joint in which the shallow depression at the end of one bone receives a rounded end from a second bone or a rounded structure formed by two bones; found at the
metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers or the radiocarpal joint of the wrist; functionally
classified as a biaxial joint

71
Q

Costal Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage structure attached to the anterior end of each rib that provides for either direct or indirect attachment of most ribs to the sternum

72
Q

Elbow Joint

A

Joint located between the upper arm and forearm regions of the upper limb; formed by the
articulations between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the
capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius

73
Q

False Ribs

A

Vertebrochondral ribs 8–12 whose costal cartilage either attaches indirectly to the sternum via
the costal cartilage of the next higher rib or does not attach to the sternum at all

74
Q

Floating Ribs

A

Vertebral ribs 11–12 that do not attach to the sternum or to the costal cartilage of another rib

75
Q

Forearm

A

Region of the upper limb located between the elbow and wrist joints; contains the radius and ulna bones

76
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium

77
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A

Shoulder joint; formed by the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head
of the humerus

78
Q

Glenoid Cavity

A

(also, glenoid fossa) shallow depression located on the lateral scapula, between the superior and lateral borders

79
Q

Hard Palate

A

Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity, formed by the
palatine process of the maxillary bones and the horizontal plate of the palatine bones

80
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Synovial joint at which the convex surface of one bone articulates with the concave surface of a
second bone; includes the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints; functionally classified
as a uniaxial joint

81
Q

Hip Joint

A

Joint located at the proximal end of the lower limb; formed by the articulation between the
acetabulum of the hip bone and the head of the femur

82
Q

Inferior Rotation

A

Movement of the scapula during upper limb adduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula
moves in a downward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in an upward
direction
inversion

83
Q

Irregular Bone

A

One of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

84
Q

Joint

A

Site at which two or more bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate)

85
Q

Joint Cavity

A

Space enclosed by the articular capsule of a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid and
contains the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones

86
Q

Knee Joint

A

Joint that separates the thigh and leg portions of the lower limb; formed by the articulations
between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur, and the medial and lateral condyles of the
tibia

87
Q

Leg

A

Portion of the lower limb located between the knee and ankle joints

88
Q

Ligament

A

Strong band of dense connective tissue spanning between bones

89
Q

Metatarsophalangeal Joint

A

Articulation between a metatarsal bone of the foot and the proximal phalanx bone of a toe

90
Q

Multiaxial Joint

A

Type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within three planes (three axes)

91
Q

Occipital Condyle

A

Paired, oval-shaped bony knobs located on the inferior skull, to either side of the foramen
magnum

92
Q

Olecranon Process

A

Expanded posterior and superior portions of the proximal ulna; forms the bony tip of the elbow

93
Q

Pelvic Inlet

A

Pelvic brim

94
Q

Pelvic Outlet

A

Inferior opening of the lesser pelvis; formed by the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis, right
and left ischiopubic rami and sacrotuberous ligaments, and the tip of the coccyx

95
Q

Phalanx Bone of the Foot

A

(plural = phalanges) one of the 14 bones that form the toes; these include the proximal and
distal phalanges of the big toe, and the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones of toes two
through five

96
Q

Phalanx Bone of the Hand

A

(plural = phalanges) one of the 14 bones that form the thumb and fingers; these include the
proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb, and the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones of the fingers two through five

97
Q

Pisiform

A

From the lateral side, the fourth of the four proximal carpal bones; articulates with the anterior
surface of the triquetrum

98
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Synovial joint at which the rounded portion of a bone rotates within a ring formed by a ligament
and an articulating bone; functionally classified as uniaxial joint

99
Q

Plane Joint

A

Synovial joint formed between the flattened articulating surfaces of adjacent bones; functionally
classified as a multiaxial joint

100
Q

Pronated Position

A

Forearm position in which the palm faces backward

101
Q

Pronation

A

Forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm forward to the palm backward
position

102
Q

Pubic Arch

A

Bony structure formed by the pubic symphysis, and the bodies and inferior pubic rami of the
right and left pubic bones

103
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior motion of the scapula or mandible

104
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

Small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

105
Q

Short Bone

A

Cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited
motion

106
Q

Spinous Process

A

Unpaired bony process that extends posteriorly from the vertebral arch of a vertebra

107
Q

Superior Rotation

A

Movement of the scapula during upper limb abduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula
moves in an upward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in a downward
direction

108
Q

Supinated Position

A

Forearm position in which the palm faces anteriorly (anatomical position)

109
Q

Supination

A

Forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm backward to the palm forward
position

110
Q

Suture

A

Junction line at which adjacent bones of the skull are united by fibrous connective tissue

111
Q

Symphysis

A

Type of cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage

112
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Joint at which the articulating surfaces of the bones are located within a joint cavity formed by an
articular capsule

113
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

Articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle
of the temporal bone of the skull; allows for depression/elevation (opening/closing of mouth),
protraction/retraction, and side-to-side motions of the mandible

114
Q

Tendon

A

Dense connective tissue structure that anchors a muscle to bone

115
Q

Thigh

A

Portion of the lower limb located between the hip and knee joints

116
Q

Transverse Process

A

Paired bony processes that extends laterally from the vertebral arch of a vertebra

117
Q

True Ribs

A

Vertebrosternal ribs 1–7 that attach via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

118
Q

Uniaxial Joint

A

Type of diarthrosis; joint that allows for motion within only one plane (one axis)

119
Q

Vertebral Foramen

A

Opening associated with each vertebra defined by the vertebral arch that provides passage for the spinal cord

120
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

Elongated, free-standing arch on the lateral skull, formed anteriorly by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and posteriorly by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

BIO208 (2 decks)

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