Term Test 1 Flashcards
Control Center
Compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of the effector
Effector
Organ that can cause a change in a value
Homeostasis
Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
Negative Feedback
Homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing and excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed
Positive feedback
Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus
Regional anatomy
Study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions
Sensor
Reports a monitored physiological value to the control center. AKA receptor
Action potential
Change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers
Articular cartilage
Thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
Articulation
Where two bone surfaces meet
Bone
Hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
Canaliculi
Channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s cytoplasmic extension that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients
Cardiac muscle
Heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously
Cartilage
Semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth
surfaces support movement
Central canal
Longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic
vessels; also known as the Haversian canal
Chondrocytes
Cells of the cartilage
Collagen fiber
Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength
Connective tissue
Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and
systems
Compact bone
Dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
Depolarize
To reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell’s plasma membrane
(the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest
Elastic cartilage
Type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity
Elastic fiber
Fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin
that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size
Endochondral ossification
Process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Endosteum
Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity
Epiphyseal Line
Completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal Plate
(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber’s sarcomeres
Fibroblast
Most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the
extracellular space
Fibrocartilage
Tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
ground substance
Flat Bone
Thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
Fluid Connective Tissue
Specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins
Histology
Microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a
chondroitin sulfate ground substance
Lacunae
(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy
Long Bone
Cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever
Loose Connective Tissue
(also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix
Matrix
Extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers
Mesenchymal Cell
Adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived
Modeling
Process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another
Myoblast
Muscle-forming stem cell
Nutrient Foramen
Small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
Osseous Tissue
Bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
Ossification Center
Cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification
Osteoid
Uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
Osteon
(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix
Power Stroke
Action of myosin pulling actin inward (toward the M line)
Primary Ossification Center
Region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral
ossification
Projection
Bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
Secondary Ossification Center
Region of bone development in the epiphyses
Skeletal Muscle
Usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated
Smooth Muscle
Under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindleshaped,
and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber
Spongy Bone
(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
Supportive Connective Tissue
Type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue
Accessory Nerve
Cranial nerve XI (eleven) extending from brain stem area to the neck muscles through jugular foramen
Facial Nerve
Cranial nerve VII (seven) extending from brain stem area to the facial muscles through stylomastoid foramen
Foramen Ovale of the Middle Cranial Fossa
Oval-shaped opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa
Acetabulum
Large, cup-shaped cavity located on the lateral side of the hip bone; formed by the junction of
the ilium, pubis, and ischium portions of the hip bone
Acromioclavicular Joint
Articulation between the acromion of the scapula and the acromial end of the clavicle
Acromion
Flattened bony process that extends laterally from the scapular spine to form the bony tip of the
shoulder
Ankle Joint
Joint that separates the leg and foot portions of the lower limb; formed by the articulations
between the talus bone of the foot inferiorly, and the distal end of the tibia, medial malleolus of
the tibia, and lateral malleolus of the fibula superiorly
Arm
Region of the upper limb located between the shoulder and elbow joints; contains the humerus
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
Articulation between the occipital condyles of the skull and the superior articular processes of the atlas (C1 vertebra)
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Synovial joint formed between the spherical end of one bone (the ball) that fits into the
depression of a second bone (the socket); found at the hip and shoulder joints; functionally
classified as a multiaxial joint
Biaxial Joint
Type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within two planes (two axes)
Body of the Rib
Shaft portion of a rib
Brain Case
Portion of the skull that contains and protects the brain, consisting of the eight bones that form the cranial base and rounded upper skull
Carpometacarpal Joint
Articulation between one of the carpal bones in the distal row and a metacarpal bone of the
hand
Cicumduction
Circular motion of the arm, thigh, hand, thumb, or finger that is produced by the sequential
combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
Condyle
Oval-shaped process located at the top of the condylar process of the mandible
Condyloid Joint
Synovial joint in which the shallow depression at the end of one bone receives a rounded end from a second bone or a rounded structure formed by two bones; found at the
metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers or the radiocarpal joint of the wrist; functionally
classified as a biaxial joint
Costal Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage structure attached to the anterior end of each rib that provides for either direct or indirect attachment of most ribs to the sternum
Elbow Joint
Joint located between the upper arm and forearm regions of the upper limb; formed by the
articulations between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the
capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius
False Ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs 8–12 whose costal cartilage either attaches indirectly to the sternum via
the costal cartilage of the next higher rib or does not attach to the sternum at all
Floating Ribs
Vertebral ribs 11–12 that do not attach to the sternum or to the costal cartilage of another rib
Forearm
Region of the upper limb located between the elbow and wrist joints; contains the radius and ulna bones
Foramen Magnum
Large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium
Glenohumeral Joint
Shoulder joint; formed by the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head
of the humerus
Glenoid Cavity
(also, glenoid fossa) shallow depression located on the lateral scapula, between the superior and lateral borders
Hard Palate
Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity, formed by the
palatine process of the maxillary bones and the horizontal plate of the palatine bones
Hinge Joint
Synovial joint at which the convex surface of one bone articulates with the concave surface of a
second bone; includes the elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints; functionally classified
as a uniaxial joint
Hip Joint
Joint located at the proximal end of the lower limb; formed by the articulation between the
acetabulum of the hip bone and the head of the femur
Inferior Rotation
Movement of the scapula during upper limb adduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula
moves in a downward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in an upward
direction
inversion
Irregular Bone
One of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
Joint
Site at which two or more bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate)
Joint Cavity
Space enclosed by the articular capsule of a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid and
contains the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones
Knee Joint
Joint that separates the thigh and leg portions of the lower limb; formed by the articulations
between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur, and the medial and lateral condyles of the
tibia
Leg
Portion of the lower limb located between the knee and ankle joints
Ligament
Strong band of dense connective tissue spanning between bones
Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Articulation between a metatarsal bone of the foot and the proximal phalanx bone of a toe
Multiaxial Joint
Type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within three planes (three axes)
Occipital Condyle
Paired, oval-shaped bony knobs located on the inferior skull, to either side of the foramen
magnum
Olecranon Process
Expanded posterior and superior portions of the proximal ulna; forms the bony tip of the elbow
Pelvic Inlet
Pelvic brim
Pelvic Outlet
Inferior opening of the lesser pelvis; formed by the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis, right
and left ischiopubic rami and sacrotuberous ligaments, and the tip of the coccyx
Phalanx Bone of the Foot
(plural = phalanges) one of the 14 bones that form the toes; these include the proximal and
distal phalanges of the big toe, and the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones of toes two
through five
Phalanx Bone of the Hand
(plural = phalanges) one of the 14 bones that form the thumb and fingers; these include the
proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb, and the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones of the fingers two through five
Pisiform
From the lateral side, the fourth of the four proximal carpal bones; articulates with the anterior
surface of the triquetrum
Pivot Joint
Synovial joint at which the rounded portion of a bone rotates within a ring formed by a ligament
and an articulating bone; functionally classified as uniaxial joint
Plane Joint
Synovial joint formed between the flattened articulating surfaces of adjacent bones; functionally
classified as a multiaxial joint
Pronated Position
Forearm position in which the palm faces backward
Pronation
Forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm forward to the palm backward
position
Pubic Arch
Bony structure formed by the pubic symphysis, and the bodies and inferior pubic rami of the
right and left pubic bones
Retraction
Posterior motion of the scapula or mandible
Sesamoid Bone
Small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
Short Bone
Cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited
motion
Spinous Process
Unpaired bony process that extends posteriorly from the vertebral arch of a vertebra
Superior Rotation
Movement of the scapula during upper limb abduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula
moves in an upward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in a downward
direction
Supinated Position
Forearm position in which the palm faces anteriorly (anatomical position)
Supination
Forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm backward to the palm forward
position
Suture
Junction line at which adjacent bones of the skull are united by fibrous connective tissue
Symphysis
Type of cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage
Synovial Joint
Joint at which the articulating surfaces of the bones are located within a joint cavity formed by an
articular capsule
Temporomandibular Joint
Articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle
of the temporal bone of the skull; allows for depression/elevation (opening/closing of mouth),
protraction/retraction, and side-to-side motions of the mandible
Tendon
Dense connective tissue structure that anchors a muscle to bone
Thigh
Portion of the lower limb located between the hip and knee joints
Transverse Process
Paired bony processes that extends laterally from the vertebral arch of a vertebra
True Ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs 1–7 that attach via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
Uniaxial Joint
Type of diarthrosis; joint that allows for motion within only one plane (one axis)
Vertebral Foramen
Opening associated with each vertebra defined by the vertebral arch that provides passage for the spinal cord
Zygomatic Arch
Elongated, free-standing arch on the lateral skull, formed anteriorly by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and posteriorly by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
