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DH 134 Radiography > Term Test 2 > Flashcards

Term Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

What is the concept?

A
  • As low as reasonably achievable.

- Every possible method of reducing exposure to radiation should be used.

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2
Q

Methods of radiation protection used by the dental radiographer to achieve the ALARA concept.

A
  • Lead Apron
  • Thyroid collar
  • 16 inch PID should be used as it produces less divergence of the x-ray beam.
  • Rectangular PID
  • Digital image receptors
  • Beam alignment device
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3
Q

Define Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD).

A

The dose of radiation that the body can endure with little or no injury.

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4
Q

Define Maximum Accumulated Dose (MAD).

A
  • Workers must not exceed an accumulated lifetime radiation dose.
  • Formula based on workers age.
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5
Q

Know what the current Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD) for occupationally exposed workers is.

A

5.0 rem/year

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6
Q

What geometric characteristics influence the diagnostic quality of a dental radiograph.

A

Sharpness, magnification, and distortion.

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7
Q

What device is used to demonstrate short and long scale contrast.

A

A stepwedge.

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8
Q

What is the preferable contrast for dental radiography?

A

A compromise between low contrast and high contrast is preferred.

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9
Q

Know what exposure factor (kVp, mA, time, etc.) has a direct influence on contrast.

A

Kilovoltage (kV).

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10
Q

What geometric characteristic is affected by focal spot size?

A

Sharpness.

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11
Q

What are the steps to manual processing?

A
  • Development
  • Rinsing
  • Fixing
  • Washing
  • Drying
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12
Q

What are the steps to automatic processing?

A
  • Development
  • Fixing
  • Washing
  • Drying
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13
Q

Why the rinsing step is necessary?

A

It is needed to remove the developer from the film and stop the development process.

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14
Q

In which step is the film emulsion hardened?

A

Fixing.

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15
Q

What is the optimal temperature for the developer solution in manual processing?

A

68 degrees F.

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16
Q

What error can occur if there is a light leak in the darkroom?

A

Film fogging.

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17
Q

What is the recommended distance a safelight should be placed from the film and working area.

A

Minimum of 4 feet away.

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18
Q

What factors affect the life of the processing solutions?

A
  • Exposure to air
  • Continued use
  • Chemical contamination
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19
Q

Why is a replenisher added to the processing solution?

A

The replenisher compensates for the loss of volume and strength that results from OXIDATION.

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20
Q

How often should the processing tank be cleaned?

A

Each time the solutions are changed.

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21
Q

Define oxidation.

A

A chemical reaction that occurs when processing solutions are exposed to air; the chemicals breakdown, resulting in a decreased concentration of solution strength.

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22
Q

Processor housing

A

Encases all of the component parts of the automatic processor.

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23
Q

Film feed slot

A

Opening on the outside of the processor housing used to insert unwrapped films into the automatic processor.

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24
Q

Roller film transporter

A
  • System of rollers used to transport the film through the developer, fixer, water and drying compartments.
  • Rollers contain a wringing action that removes the excess solution from the emulsion as the film moves from compartment to compartment.
  • This eliminates the need for the additional rinse step between the developer and fixer solutions.
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25
Q

Developer compartment

A

Holds the developer solution.

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26
Q

Fixer compartment

A

Holds the fixer solution.

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27
Q

Water compartment

A
  • Holds circulating water.

- Washes films after the fixing step.

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28
Q

Drying Chamber

A

Holds heated air and is used to dry the wet film.

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29
Q

Replenisher pump & replenisher solutions

A

Used to maintain proper solution concentration and levels automatically in some automatic processors; some require an operator to add necessary replenishing solutions.

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30
Q

Film recovery slot.

A

Opening on outside of the processor housing where the dry, processed radiograph emerges from the automatic processor.

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31
Q

Underdeveloped film:

A

Light

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32
Q

Overdeveloped film:

A

Dark

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33
Q

Reticulation of emulsion:

A

Cracked

34
Q

Developer spots:

A

Dark or black spots

35
Q

Fixer spots:

A

White or light spots

36
Q

Yellow-brown stains:

A

Yellow-brown color.

37
Q

Developer Cutoff:

A

Straight white border

38
Q

Fixer Cutoff:

A

Straight black border

39
Q

Overlapped films:

A

White or dark areas appear on film where overlapped.

40
Q

Air bubbles:

A

White spots

41
Q

Fingernail artifact:

A

Black crescent-shaped marks

42
Q

Fingerprint artifact:

A

Black fingerprint

43
Q

Static electricity

A

Thin, black branching lines.

44
Q

Scratched film

A

White lines.

45
Q

Light leak

A

Exposed (to light) area appears black

46
Q

Fogged film

A

Gray; lack of detail and contrast.

47
Q

T or F: Film fogging results from improper safelighting.

A

True

48
Q

T or F: Yellow-brown stains result from insufficient developing time.

A

False

49
Q

T or F: Developer cutoff appears as a straight black boarder across the film.

A

False

50
Q

T or F: To avoid static electricity, touch a conductive object before unwrapping a film.

A

True

51
Q

T or F: Torn or defective film packets may allow a portion of the film to be exposed to light.

A

True

52
Q

How often on average should processing solutions be changed?

A

every 3-4 weeks

53
Q

What are the use of dental radiographs.

A
  • Detection of diseases, lesions, and conditions of the teeth and bones that cannot be identified by clinical examination alone.
  • Confirming suspected lesions, assisting in the localization of lesions and foreign objects.
54
Q

Interpersonal skills:

A

skills that promote good relationships between individuals.

55
Q

Technical skills:

A

ability to perform expected tasks.

56
Q

Verbal communication skills:

A
  • Involves the use of language.
  • Speak in a pleasant and relaxed manner.
  • Use a soft tone of voice.
57
Q

Nonverbal communication skills:

A
  • Involves use of body language.
  • Maintain direct eye contact.
  • Good posture.
58
Q

Listening skills:

A
  • Receiving and understanding of messages.

- Give undivided attention to the patient when listening.

59
Q

Facilitation skills:

A

Interpersonal skills used to ease communication and develop a trusting relationship between the dental professional and the patient.

60
Q

What may result when a nonverbal message and a verbal message are not consistent. How may the patient react?

A

He/she may react with apprehension and mistrust.

61
Q

Who is responsible for answering questions about diagnosis.

A

The dentist.

62
Q

Who owns the patient’s radiographs.

A

All dental records, including the dental images are the property of the dentist.

63
Q

When can radiographs from a previous dentist be used?

A

If they are recent and of acceptable diagnostic quality.

64
Q

Who makes the decision about the number, type and frequency of dental x-rays.

A

They are determined by the dentist based on individual patient needs.

65
Q

At what interval should radiographs be taken?

A
  • There is no interval because the prescription of dental radiographs is based on individual needs of the patient.
  • A patient prone to tooth decay and with periodontal disease will need x-rays more than a patient who does not have periodontal disease and does not develop decay easily.
66
Q

When should retakes be avoided?

A

Always! (I mean it is inevitable that you will have to take some retakes eventually.).

67
Q

Why is there increased target-receptor distance required in the paralleling technique?

A

To compensate for image magnification.

68
Q

What is the relationship of the central ray to the receptor in the paralleling technique?

A

The central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed perpendicular (at a right angle) to the receptor and the long axis of the tooth.

69
Q

What is the relationship between the receptor and the long axis of the tooth in the paralleling technique.

A

Receptor must be positioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth.

70
Q

Know how the receptor should be placed in the mouth with the paralleling technique.

A

Away from the tooth towards the midline.

71
Q

Know how the receptor should be placed in the anterior and posterior exposures.

A
  • Anterior: Vertical

- Posterior: Horizontal

72
Q

Know the sequence exposure for periapical (PA) receptors. Where should you begin?

A

Anterior

  • Start in the anterior teeth always.
  • Begin with maxillary right canine.
  • Work right to left.
  • Move to mandibular and repeat.

Posterior

  • Premolar first always
  • Maxillary right premolars then molars.
  • Mandibular left premolars then molars.
  • Convert device, move to maxillary left premolars and molars.
  • Mandibular right premolars and molars.
73
Q

What are the advantages of the paralleling technique?

A
  • Accuracy
  • Simplicity
  • Duplication
74
Q

What is the proper direction of the central ray in the bisecting technique?

A

The central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed perpendicular (at a right angle) to the imaginary bisector that divides the angle formed by the receptor and the long axis of the tooth.

75
Q

Describe the distance between the receptor and the tooth in the bisecting technique.

A

Must be placed against the lingual surface of the tooth.

76
Q

What is the main advantage of the bisecting technique?

A

More comfortable for the patient.

77
Q

What errors can occur with the bisecting technique?

A
  • Image distortion

- Angulation problems (elongation and foreshortening)

78
Q

What is the primary use for the bite-wing radiograph?

A

Examine interproximal surfaces of the teeth.

79
Q

How should the receptor be placed in relationship to the maxillary and mandibular teeth in the bite-wing technique?

A
  • The receptor is placed parallel to the crowns of the maxillary and mandibular teeth.
  • Against teeth (lingual of side being x-rayed).
80
Q

What errors can occur with the bite-wing technique?

A

Overlapped contacts (due to improper horizontal angulation).

81
Q

What will the image look like on a radiograph if too much vertical angulation was used?

A

Foreshortened image.

82
Q

What error results from incorrect horizontal angulation?

A

Overlapped contacts.

DH 134 Radiography (3 decks)

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