Term Test 2

Question 1

Symbiosis

Answer 1

Living together (NOT MUTUALISM)

Question 2

Mutualism

Answer 2

Beneficial interactions for both species.
3 Types: Nutritional, defensive, dispersal

Question 3

Nutritional mutualism

Answer 3

• Exchange fixed carbon for fixed Nitrogen
• Exchange fixed carbon for fixed phosphorus

Question 4

Defensive Mutualism

Answer 4

• Exchange protection for food
• Exchange parasite removal for food

Question 5

Dispersal mutualism

Answer 5

• Exchange seed dispersal for food
• Exchange gamete dispersal for food

Question 6

Limits to population growth of mutualists

Answer 6

1. Strong intra-specific competition
2. 3rd species
3. Diminished returns

Question 7

Reciprocal evolution

Answer 7

Coevolution, Most mutualism is horizontally transmitted - partner acquired at each generation

Question 8

Metapopulation

Answer 8

A connection of spatially distinct populations that are connected via dispersal.

Distinct population = patch
Sink = population depleting
Source = Resource population

Question 9

Colonisation rate

Answer 9

= CP(1-P)

C = constant
P = occupied patches
1 - P Fraction of empty patches

Question 10

Stochasticity

Answer 10

Change in population numbers, lacking a plan.

Question 11

Top down control

Answer 11

Abundance kept low because of predation

Question 12

Bottom up control

Answer 12

Abundance kept low because of resource limitation.

Question 13

Demographic Stochasticity

Answer 13

Random population events that are not triggered by changes in the environment.

Question 14

Population growth

Answer 14

= b - d + i - e

Question 15

Trophic levels

Answer 15

Producers - Primary producers = plants

Herbivores - primary consumers

Predators - secondary consumers = predators that consume herbivores

Question 16

Phenotypic Plasticity

Answer 16

Acclimate to new conditions

Question 17

Extirpation

Answer 17

Go extinct globally or locally.

Question 18

Range shift

Answer 18

Migrate to suitable conditions.

Question 19

Logistic population growth

Answer 19

Unit = individuals in a population

Model describes change in # of individuals

Carrying capacity = k

Question 20

Metapopulation dynamics

Answer 20

• Patches in a region that can host subpopulations
• Proportion of patches occupied (P)
• When all patches are occupied P = 1

Question 21

Microevolution

Answer 21

Evolutionary mechanisms

Question 22

Macroevolution

Answer 22

Evolutionary history

Question 23

William Paley

Answer 23

Argument from design, purpose?

Question 24

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Answer 24

First to use the term “evolution”, first to provide a casual mechanism, inheritance of characters.

• i.e. giraffe neck growth

Question 25

3 key rules of origin of species

Answer 25

Variation, heredity, selection

Question 26

August Weisman’s Germ-plasm Theory

Answer 26

Inheritance by gametes only, somatic cells do not function.

• genetic information cannot pass from soma to gametes in next generation

Question 27

Elements of Darwin’s Theory

Answer 27

1. Evolution occurs primarily at population level
2. Variation does not occur on an individual level
3. Most fit type depends on environment
4. “Survival of fitter” evolution will not achieve perfection

Question 28

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 28

The evolution of ecological and phenotypic radiation within rapidly multiplying lineage as a result of speciation.

Question 29

Common Features of adaptive radiation

Answer 29

1. Recent common ancestry from a single species
2. Phenotype-environment correlation
3. rapid speciation