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Bio 120 > Term test 1 > Flashcards

Term test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Orogenic

A

Mountain-generated

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2
Q

4 Steps in Invasion

A
  1. Transport
  2. Establishment
  3. Spread
  4. Impact - depends on human perception
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3
Q

Non-adaptive

A

Lacking adaptational significance.

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4
Q

Maladaptive

A

Reduce fitness, prominent in changing environment.

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5
Q

Principle of Location

A

The resources invested on one’s function are unavailable to invest in other functions.

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6
Q

Reproductive-Survival Tradeoff

A

Investing resources in offspring means they can’t be used in maintaining body.

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7
Q

Size-number tradeoffs

A

If you make more seeds, they must be smaller.

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8
Q

Comparative Method

A

Examining how different organisms meet environmental challenges in different ways.

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9
Q

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

A

The zone of rising, heated air.

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10
Q

Life-history traits

A

Concern timing of life events i.e. maturation, reproduction, resource investment.

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11
Q

Atmospheric Circulation

A

Packets of hotter, lower-density water are more buoyant. They are propelled upward and cold water sinks.

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12
Q

Hadley Cells

A

2 continuous loops between tropic lines, set prevailing wind in motion, also affect population. Low pressure weather = precipitation.

  • Push air from N->S (0ºN and 30ºN)
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13
Q

Ferrell Cells

A

Not as strong as Hadley cells, driven by same process - picks up moisture and rises, creating rainy/snowy low pressure zones at 60ºN and 60ºS.

-Push air S->N (30º and 60ºN)

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14
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

Induces the opposite twist in latitudinal belts between equator and 30ºN or 30ºS.
-> The Barths rotation deflects winds

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15
Q

Ranges of Tolerance

A

Defining part of niche-classically graphed as curves. Show how organism’s ability to function changes along a gradient.

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16
Q

Distance from Optimum Environment

A
  1. Unable to grow well enough
  2. Unable to reproduce
  3. Unable to live (death zone)
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17
Q

Bergman’s Rule

A

Larger size = lower SA/V levels, they retain heat better and lose less heat in surroundings.

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18
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

Animals from hotter environments have larger + thinner appendages, Interpreting animals extremities by managing blood circulation.

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19
Q

Countercurrent Circulation

A

Direct contact between arteries that send warm blood before warmth can be lost to environment, returning venous blood returns warmth to animal’s core.

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20
Q

Laminar Flow

A

When airflow is unimpeded, a stratified pattern builds up layers of air that move at different speeds.

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21
Q

Microphylly

A

Tiny leaves exhibited by perennial plants, frequently ranged in ways to reduce turbulent airflow.

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22
Q

Sclerophylly

A

Characteristics of having leaves that are small, thick, tough, and leathery -i.e. evergreens.

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23
Q

Sclerophylly habitats

A
  1. Semi-submerged plants in acid bogs/ponds
  2. Cold boreal forest biome (snowy with reasonable amount of summer rain)
  3. Very dry “well-drained” sandy soils in warm habitats
  4. Mediterranean/chaparral biome (wet winters and dry hot summers)
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24
Q

CAM

A

Crustacean Acid Metabolism- extreme water metabolism

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25
Q

b_x

A

average number of daughters produced by female in x-years of life (can exceed 1.0)

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26
Q

Age-Structure model

A

We treat all differences by dividing the population into a convenient number of different age classes, each of which has different age-specific prospects of death and reproduction.

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27
Q

Σ

A

You sum up following variable over all possible age classes

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28
Q

n_x

A

The set of n_x values (n_0, n_1, n_2) is called age structure of the population we’re looking out for time.

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29
Q

Net reproduction rate

A

R_0 = Σl_xb_x =number of daughters she will produce in her lifetime.

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30
Q

Survivorship schedules

A

l_x, survivorship of age, probabilities ranging from 0-1, l_x values must always get smaller as x increases (probability of being alive decreases)

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31
Q

Senescence

A

Generalised breakdown of old organisms.

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32
Q

Formula for generation time

A

T = Σxl_xb_x / Σl_x*b_x

= Σxl_x*b_x / R_0

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33
Q

Reproductive Value

A

V_x defined as expected number of daughters to be produced by a female of age X, now and for the rest of her life. =Xth year of life

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34
Q

R-Selected Species

A

With the low survival, short generation times, good dispersal ability, poor competitive ability.

35
Q

K-Strategists

A

Slow growing, good competitors.

36
Q

Semelparity

A

Species genetically programmed to reproduce only once and then die. (Plants known as monocarpic or annuals)

37
Q

Iteroparity

A

Species reproducing numerous times (plants known as perennials)

38
Q

Fugitive Species

A

Keep “discovering” new bare patches, competition among plants.

39
Q

Competitive Species

A

Correspond to “slow” k-strategists that compete well in crowded conditions.

40
Q

Stress Tolerators

A

Tough plants that slow and remain uncrowded.

41
Q

Ruderal Species

A

Fugitive-type weedy species that exploit transient disturbances to grow quickly.

42
Q

Ecological community

A

All of the organisms or the biotic entities in some spacial defined locality.

43
Q

Primary Productivity

A

Functional biological properties of communities: (i.e. how much plant growth occurs per unit time)

44
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Modifies exponential growth by adding a braking term that slows down growth as more individuals use up resource

45
Q

Lotka Volterra Competetion Model

A

Add a second braking term that accounts for intraspecific competition executed by a second species.

46
Q

Lotka-Volterra Model Formula

A
47
Q

Outcomes of Lotka-Volterra Model

A

4 Possible Outcomes:
1. If K1>K2/a21 and K1/a12>K2 -> Species one will always outcompete species two
2. If K1<K2/a21 and K1/a21>K2 -> Species 2 will always outcompete species 1
3. K1<K2/a21 and K1/a21<K2 -> the 2 species will stably coexist
4. If K1>K2/a21 and K1/a12<K2 -> then the competition is unstable and the winner depends on starting numbers

48
Q

3 Species in Lotka-Volterra Model

A

dN/dt = r1N1(K1-N1-a12N2-a13N3/K1)

49
Q

Principle of Competitive Exclusion

A

Two species that compete for the same resources cannot coexist for long. Motivating idea is that one of the two species will have to be at least slightly better at growing on shared resource and become dominant.

50
Q

Limiting Similarity

A

The maximum amount of niche overlap that allows a species to coexist.

51
Q

Ecological Encounters

A

Increase with the population size of the organism - each encounter boosts the predator population while decrementing the prey population.

51
Q

Assembly Rules

A

If you envisioned potential colonists arriving on an island or a new habitat the only ones to be able to survive would be those that were sufficiently different.

52
Q

Intertidal

A

The zone that is submerged at high tide but exposed at low tide.

53
Q

Source Patch

A

A particularly large or suitable patch that maintains a growing subpopulation and serves as a net exporter of dispersing colonists.

54
Q

Sink Patches

A

Incapable of maintaining a subpopulation expect through the immigration of colonists -net importer of dispersers.

55
Q

Emergent Properties

A

Refers to attributes of a whole system that are not inherent in the individual parts of the system.

56
Q

Hutchinson niche

A

An n dimensional hyper-volume in which each axis is an ecological factor important to the species being considered.

57
Q

Global Gradients

A
  • Temperature: mostly a function of latitude -> higher lats colder (function of temperature) -> lower lat warmer (function of rainfall)
  • Rainfall: Depends on atmospheric circulation
  • Seasonality
58
Q

Orographic Precipitation

A

Air forced up mountainsides undergoes cooling, precipitates on upper windward slopes.

59
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Similar environments often lead to a similar adaptations (even in different taxa)

60
Q

Poikilotherms

A

(mostly reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates) lack physiological means to deviate from environmental temperature (although they use behavioural means) -> their temperature fluctuates.

61
Q

Homeotherms

A

Must regulate heat balance to keep internal temperature within a narrow range: many traits contribute.

62
Q

Modes of heat gain/loss

A
  1. radiation
  2. conduction
  3. convection
  4. evaporation
  5. redistribution
63
Q

Autotrophs

A

Can’t evade stress by moving. They can make their own food via photosynthesis.

64
Q

Types of photosynthesis

A

C3 photosynthesis: Rubisco is the enzyme that accepts CO2, but at high temps it captures O2 instead (photorespiration)

C4 photosynthesis: The enzyme PEP carboxylase first accept CO2, reducing photorespiration

CAM photosynthesis: Plants close stomata during the day to reduce water loss, open stomata at night to let in CO2

65
Q

Morphological plasticity

A

Shade (more laminar flow, less cooling)
Sun (more turbulence, better cooling)

66
Q

Recursive Digression

A

Convective cooling aided by turbulence

67
Q

Epiphytes

A

Grow on trees, so they aren’t able to put their roots into the soil, leading to water stress and nutrient shortages.

68
Q

Key figure: Malthus

A

1798 published “An essay on the principle of population” arguing that the human population cannot grow faster than the food production.

69
Q

Goal of most population models

A

Predict the trajectory of population growth in time (N as a function of T).

N_t is population size at time t designed as N(t)
D = # of people who die during one time step
B = # of people born during one time step
E = # of people who emigrate during one time step
I = # of people who immigrate during one time step

70
Q

Logistic braking term

A

Models the simplest form of density dependance

71
Q

Allee Effects

A

Negative effects of low density, arising from social benefits such as mate finding, group living, group defines

72
Q

Fecundity

A

The ability to produce offspring or new growth. -Depends on age

  • Age class denoted by subscript x
  • m_x = # daughters born to a female of age x during interval x-x+1
    -Inversely proportional to survivorship
73
Q

Life History

A
  • Start life at a small size
  • Grow for a period without reproducing (resource accumulation)
  • Start spending resources on resource reduction
74
Q

Age-structured population growth

A
  • Fecundity and survivorship vary with age classes
75
Q

K strategy versus R strategy

A

K: slower growth, larger generation time, larger body size, lower reproductive rate, poor dispersal

R: Faster growth, shorter generation time, smaller body size, higher reproduction rate, good at dispersal

76
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Competition among members of different species for resources.

77
Q

Scramble/exploitative Competition

A

Depletion of a shared resource

78
Q

Contest/Interference Competition

A

Direct interactions, such as battle over territory.

79
Q

Antagonistic Coevolution

A

Prey adaptations to predators, predator adaptation to prey.

80
Q

Life-dinner Principle

A

A fox may reproduce after losing a race against a rabid, no rabbit has ever reproduced after losing a race against a fox.

81
Q

Enemy Release Hypothesis

A

Invader’s impact result from having fewer natural enemies in their new range, compared to native range.

82
Q

Zoonotic Disease

A

Disease transferred between animals and humans i.e. COVID

83
Q

Dilution and Amplification Effect

A

Dilution: Diseases that infect many hosts, host diversity can dilute disease risk to humans

Amplification: More host or vector species can support larger populations of disease-causing organisms, increasing risk to humans or animals.

Bio 120 (2 decks)

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