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PSYC 201 > Term Test 1 > Flashcards

Term Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an interaction in psychology?

A

When change is different in both situations

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2
Q

When a graph shows parallel lines does that mean that there is an interaction or there is no interaction?

A

It means that there is no interaction the conditions are the same

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3
Q

What is a main affect in psychology?

A
  • where you assume that the participants are in the same condition, and you compare the average of the two factors and if they are not the same that means there is a main affect
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4
Q

What is error variance ?

A

This means there is variation or differences betweeen groups

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5
Q

When the error variance is low between a group what does that mean?

A

It is easy to observe when there is little or no variance.
- you will see things growing at similar rates

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6
Q

When there is error variance between groups what does this mean?

A

It is difficult to observe between group-difference
- you will see the factors growing at different rates

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7
Q

What is standard deviations?

A

This is the mild differences between population or things you are comparing, it can be the error rate.

-a measure of dispersion or scatter in a data set relative to the data’s central mean value

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8
Q

What is descriptive statistics?

A

Allows us to draw conclusions through use of graphs

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9
Q

What is inferential statistics

A

Allow us to say whether difference is significant

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10
Q

When standard deviation error bars overlap quite a bit, it’s a clue that what?

A

The difference is not statistically significant

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11
Q

When standard deviation error bars overlap even less, it’s a clue that what?

A

The difference is probably not statistically significant

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12
Q

When standard deviation error bars do not overlap, it’s a clue that what?

A

The difference may be significant but you cannot be sure

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13
Q

what is Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. sensorimotor (0-2 years)
  2. preoperational(2-7 years)
  3. concrete operations (7-11 years0
  4. formal operations (11 years and on)
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14
Q

what are the sensorimotor stage ?

A

from ages 0-2 years old
- at the beginning of this stage
- In the infants world, there are neither real objects nor any conception of a self
- there is nothing at first but a succession of transient, unconnected sensory impressions and motor reactions
- the first few months on earth contains neither past nor future
- there is no distinction between stable objects and fleeting
-no sense of object permanence
END of stage 2 years old:
- children will search for those disappearing objects
- children begin to understand the concept of object permanence- that objects exist and behave independently of their actions or awareness
- this observation suggests that children in this stage have developed long-term memory

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15
Q

what is synaptic pruning?

A

this happens in the brain as you develop removes excess synapses the brain doesn’t need

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16
Q

what is amnesia

A

inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two to three years of life

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17
Q

what happens during alzhiemers disease in brain?

A
  • the cortex shrivels up, damaging areas involved in thinking, planning and remembering
  • ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid grow larger
  • hippocampus shrinks severely
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18
Q

what is transience?

A

the tendency to lose access to information across time

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19
Q

what is absent-mindedness?

A

failure to remember information because of insufficient attention

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20
Q

what is misattribution ?

A

remembering a fact correctly but attributing it to an incorrect source of context

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21
Q

what is suggestibility?

A

the tendency to incorporate information provided by others into your own recollection and memory representation

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22
Q

what is the preoperational stage?

A
  • ages 2-7
  • deficiency lack of concrete operations
  • in this stage the child lacks the ability to take the perspective of another person (egocentrism)
  • the concept of conservation ( quantity of a substance is conserved despite changes in its shape)
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23
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

theorize what the other person feels/sees to be able to understand another persons perspective

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24
Q

what is the concrete operations stage?

A
  • ages 7-11 years old
    -can see from other person perspectives when the subject of observation is concrete
  • understand conservation
    -can replace physical actions with mental actions
  • tell that a given quality remains the same no matter how its shape changes
  • children are capable of mental operations, (psychic) actions performed in the mind that give rise to logical thinking
    example: they can mentally pour the liquid back and forth between containers of different shapes and the reason the change is happening
  • concrete operations allow children to replace physical action with mental action
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25
Q

what is formal operations stage?

A
  • 11 years and onward
  • can think in abstract terms
    -moral jusdgment
  • this is the final stage of cognitive growth
  • the features of this stage are:
  • able to think in abstract terms
  • able to ponder deep questions of truth, justice, and existence
  • moral reasoning
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26
Q

what are Eriksons psychosocial stages?

A
  1. infancy 0-1
    CRISIS: TRUST VS MISTRUST
  2. Toddler (1-3)
    CRISIS: AUTONOMY VS SELF DOUBT
  3. preschool (3-6)
    CRISIS: Initiative vs guilt
  4. Adolescent (12-18)
    CRISIS: Identity vs Role confusion
  5. Early Adult (18-29)
    CRISIS: INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
  6. Middle adulthood (30-50s)
    CRISIS: Generatively vs stagnation
  7. Late adulthood (60s - older)
    CRISIS: Ego integrity vs despair
27
Q

what does it mean when a crisis is trust vs mistrust?

A

Attachment and separation anxiety
-attachment is the emotional relationship between a child and the parent or regular caregiver
- beginning at about 8-12 months, infants show distress when separated by the caregivers
- separation anxiety increases dramatically at the end of the first year of life

28
Q

what is the strange situation test? what are the results

A
  • it was developed by Mary Ainsworth
  • a widely used research to assess attachment and separation anxiety

1) securely attached
2) insecurely attached - avoiding
3) insecurely attached- ambivalent/resistant

29
Q

what are some signs that a child is securely attached?

A
  • children show some distress when the parent leaves the room; seek proximity, comfort and contact upon reunion; and then gradually return to play
  • about 70% of children display this attachment style
30
Q

what is some signs that a child is insecurely attached- avoiding?

A

these children ignore the mother while she is present
- they show minimum distress when the mother leaves
- children seem aloof and may actively avoid and ignore the parent upon her return
- about 20% of children display this style of attachment

31
Q

what are some signs of insecurely attached- ambivalent/resistant

A

children become very upset and anxious when the parent leaves; at reunion, they may seek contact. But when contract is achieved, they cannot be comforted. They show anger and resistance to the parent
- about 10% of children display this type of attachment

32
Q

what is identity diffusion?

A

neither explore nor make commitments

33
Q

what is identity foreclosure?

A

a person forms an identity without exploring alternatives (e.g accepting the values of parents)
- being moralistic and conventional
-unable to provide a good rationale for one’s beliefs and choices

34
Q

what is moratorium ?

A

taking time to explore options before making a commitment to an identity
- development of an identity takes time and work

35
Q

what is generatively?

A

ability to generate something that an individual cares about in life, usually in the form of:
- career
-family with children
- generatively is a commitment beyond oneself to one’s family, work, society, and future generations
- a crucial development in 30s and 40s

36
Q

what is the crisis according to Erikson, later in life for adults?

A

ego integrity vs despair

  • they either have adequate resolution of the crisis:
    which is sense of wholeness, basic satisfaction with life
  • inadequate resolution of the crisis:
  • feelings of futility, disappointment
37
Q

what are the four observations that drive the theory of evolution?

A

1) organisms vary in endless ways: size, speed, strength
2) some of these characteristics are heritable- can be passed down from one generation to the next
3) availability of resources can never catch up with the rate of reproduction-competition for resources occur within and across species
4) a heritable trait will become prevalent if this trait enhances the survival of an organism and its offspring

38
Q

what is natural selection?

A

posits that heritable characteristics (e.g long neck of a giraffe) that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics (eg short neck) to be passed on to subsequent generations

39
Q

what is fitness referred to?

A

to the reproductive success of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population

40
Q

what is adaption?

A

is an inherited characteristic that increased in a population (through natural selection) because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged.

41
Q

what are inherited characteristics?

A

biological traits, behaviours, motivation, cognition

42
Q

what is Bateman’s principle?

A
  • variance among females in mating success is low
  • variance among males in mating success is high (variance in sex partners)
  • in females, one mating is enough to fertilize all there eggs
  • in males reproductive success is based on the number of times they have mated
  • females are choosier when picking a mate than males
  • males show greater elaboration of behaviours and structures used in attracting mates than do females
43
Q

what are some things females may prefer as per Batemans principle?

A
  • females may prefer certain males for a variety of reasons:
  • physically strong/ with more elaborate ornamentation
  • possession of resources
  • with long-term commitment
  • females that carefully select their mates are at a lower risk of losing their reproductive investment
  • natural selection favours females that choose males that enhance the likelihood of her offsprings success
44
Q

what is chastity?

A

no sexual experience of your partner prior to having a sexual relation with you

45
Q

what does harem mean?

A

refers to the place in which an elite man houses his wives, pre-pubescent male children, unmarried daughters
- in animal group it is a dominant male that drives off other males and maintains the unity of the group

46
Q

what are the ideas reflected in the structure and order of a harem?

A

males maximize reproductive success by seeking a large number of sexual partners
- females maximize reproductive success by seeking a partner with high status and resource
- males expect chastity from partners
-females expect security from a partner

47
Q

what does smart goal stand for?

A
  • specific
    -measurable
    -achievable
    -realistic
    -time-bound
48
Q

what is hot cognition?

A

immediate, need
- thoughts and decisions are affected by emotions or immediate physiological needs
- act on impulse

49
Q

what is cold cognition?

A

think critically and make decisions based on logic and evidence
-delay gratification
- give yourself a reason why you shouldn’t do something

50
Q

what is grit?

A

bravery
courage

51
Q

what are traits people with grit have?

A
  • deep passion for their goals
    -willingness to keep working toward their goals
    -perseverance
  • grit is a better predictor than intelligence for achieving long-term academic goals
  • people with less grit get sidetracked from their goals by new interests
52
Q

what did Charles Darwin believe about the evolutionary approach to emotion?

A
  • emotional expressions are universal
  • emotional responses are serving some adaptive functions
  • emotions are inherited, specialized mental states designed to deal with a certain class of recurring situation (falling in love, attached by predators)
53
Q

what is the conclusion about universality of emotion ?

A

people all over the world regardless of cultural differences, race, sex or education express basic emotions in much the same way and are able to identify the emotions others are experiencing by reading their facial expressions

54
Q

what part of the brain is key to processing emotions?

A

The limbic system

55
Q

what is an example of a slow path?

A

see/hear some bad news and gradually figure out its implications

56
Q

what is an example of a fast path?

A

see a snake and experience fear right away

  • the stimuli goes directly to the thalamus and it then goes right to amygdala before a signal reaches the neocortex to process
57
Q

what is the common sense theory by James-lange theory?

A

emotional feeling is the cause of physiological arousal (or action)
examples:
- we are afraid, then we tremble
- we are angry, then we raise our voice
- physiological arousal (or action) is the cause of emotional feeling

58
Q

what are the problems with the James-lange theory?

A

-physiological arousal (eg.increased heart rate) is an action performed by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- ANS responses are too slow to be the source of split-second elicited emotions

59
Q

what is the cannon-bard theory of central neural processes?

A

subcortical brain activity in the thalamus is the cause for both physiological arousal and emotional feeling

60
Q

what is the schachter’s two factor theory

A

the two factor theory is one of the cognitive appraisal theories
- the two factor theory holds that the experience of emotion is the joint effect of autonomic arousal and cognitive appraisal with both parts necessary for an emotion to occur

61
Q

what is autonomic arousal?

A

where they freak out first

62
Q

what is cognitive appraisal?

A

where they process then react

63
Q

who has more synapses?

A

greatest: a two year old
then a 6 year old
lowest: then a newborn
- newborns have alot of brain cells but less connection through synapses

PSYC 201 (3 decks)

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