Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
What is subjective well-being ?
A
is individuals overall evaluation of life satisfaction and happiness
2
Q
what is positive psychology ?
A
is a movement within psychology that applies research to provide people with the knowledge and skills that allow them to experience fulfilling lives
3
Q
what are the three lines of inquiry in positive psychology ?
A
- positive subjective experiences: positive moods, positive emotions, flow, mindfulness
- positive individual traits: hope, resilience, grit, gratitude
- positive institutions: positive workplaces, positive schools
4
Q
what is the pyramid of growing up and what the priorities are?
A
5
Q
as an infant what is the main stage of psychological development?
A
trust vs mistrust
6
Q
as a toddler what is the main stage of psychological development?
A
autonomy vs shame and doubt
7
Q
as an pre-schooler what is the main stage of psychological development?
A
Initiative vs guilt
8
Q
as a grade-schooler what is the main stage of psychological development?
A
industry vs inferiority
9
Q
as a teenager what is the main stage of psychological development?
A
identity vs role confusion
10
Q
as a young adult what is the main stage of psychological development?
A
intimacy vs isolation
11
Q
as a middle-age adult what is the main stage of psychological development?
A
generatively vs stagnation
12
Q
as a older adult what is the main stage of psychological development?
A
integrity vs despair
13
Q
When will survivors with serious illnesses, accidents, natural disasters, and other traumatic events report positive psychological growth?
A
- if they have successfully coped with the trauma (adequate social support)
-frequently reflect on the traumatizing event and relate it to some positive outcomes.
14
Q
what is the definition of stress?
A
a lack of fit between perceived demands and perceived ability to cope with the demands
- stress is felt when:
perceived resources < perceived demands
15
Q
is stress subjective?
A
yes
16
Q
what is primary appraisal?
A
initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings
17
Q
what is secondary appraisal?
A
an evaluation of our ability to cope
18
Q
what is ambient stress?
A
chronic negative conditions embedded in the environment
19
Q
what are some examples of environmental stress?
A
excessive noise, traffic, pollution
crowding
poverty
20
Q
in poor countries what do people struggle to get and in rich countries what do people struggle to get?
A
POOR:
-safety
-physiological
RICH:
- self actualization
-esteem
21
Q
what are the different types of stress?
A
- acute stressors
-chronic stressors
ambient stress
daily hassles
readjustment to life changes (or major life stressors)
-burnout
22
Q
what are acute stressors?
A
threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint (job interview)
23
Q
what is chronic stressors?
A
threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit (relationship conflicts, financial problems, heavy workload, fighting chronic diseases)
24
Q
what does SRRS stand for?
A
social readjustment scale (SRRS)
25
what is the definition of pressure and what are the two basic types of pressure?
involves expectations or demands to behave in a certain way
- pressure to perform
pressure to conform to expectations
- pressure is often self-imposed
26
what is the definition of a life changes? and what can they be ?
any noticeable alterations in ones living circumstances that require readjustment
- both positive and negative life changes can be stressful
- social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
27
humans responses to stress are?
and stress responses occur at three levels what are they ?
human responses to stress is complex and multidimensional
-stress responses occur at three levels
1. emotional responses
2. physiological responses
3. behavioural responses
28
what are some potentially stressful objective events?
a major exam, a big date
touble with your boss
29
what are subjective cognitive appraisal?
primary and secondary appraisals of threat, which are influenced by familiarity with the event, its controllability, its predicatability and so on
30
what are emotions?
powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes
what are some common negative emotional responses to stress ?
31
what are some common negative emotional responses to stress ?
annoyance, anger and rage
-apprehension, anxiety and fear
- dejection, sadness, and grief
32
Stress can also prompt positive emotional responses?
-gratitude
- renewed love for friends and family
-positive emotions
-contribute to building social, intellectual and physical resources that can be helpful in dealing with stress
-allow one to experience flourishing mental health
33
what is the fight or flight response?
a physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism to attack (flight) or flee (flight) an enemy
34
where does acute stress occur?
occurs in the autonomic nervous system (ANS): nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands
35
what are the two divisions in physiological responses to acute stress?
-sympathetic division mobilizes energy during emergencies, engages the fight or flight response
-parasympathetic division conserves energy; has calming affect on body
36
what are some physiological responses to acute stress?
- breathing becomes faster and deeper
-heart rate increases
-blood pressure rises
-blood sugar level increases
-sweating increases
-pupils dilate
37
what are the physiological responses to chronic stress?
slower acting neuroendocrine system
- related to cortisol levels
38
what are some traits when you have high cortisol levels?
1. suppress the immune system
2. increase blood sugar
3. heightened memory and attention
4. decrease serotonin
5. decrease sensitivity and pain
6. increase blood pressure
39
what are some physiological responses to chronic stress?
- headache
-cardiovascular disease
-high blood pressure
-chest pain
-sleep disturbance
-sexual disfunction
-absence of menstruation
-getting cold and infections
40
what is the inverted- U hypothesis predicts what?
-for low complexity tasks, a high level of arousal is best
- for medium complexity tasks, a medium level of arousal is best
- for high complexity tasks, a low level of arousal is best
41
behavior responses to stress usually refer to what ?
coping, or active efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the demands created by stress
coping responses may be unhealthy or healthy
42
what are some unhealthy and healthy coping responses?
healthy: actively trying to solve a problem by asking for help or generating solutions
unhealthy: ignoring problems, indulging in alcohol or drugs, excessive eating
43
what are some variables that can reduce the impact of stress on physical and mental health?
social support: aid provided by members of one's social networks
Hardiness: a disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance
44
what is optimism?
a general tendency to expect good outcomes
optimists engage in action-oriented, problem-focused, carefully planned coping; are more willing to seek social support
optimism is associated with better mental and physical health around the world
45
what is pessimests?
deal with stress by avoiding it, giving up or using denial
46
what is coping and what are some general points to consider?
efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
General points:
- people cope with stress in many ways
-it is most adaptive to use a variety of coping strategies
-coping strategies vary in their adaptive value
47
what is learned helplessness?
passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
48
true or false cognitive interpretation of aversive events determines whether learned helplessness develops?
true
49
what is the theory of learned helplessness?
it was created by martin seligman
- dogs in electrified cage at first not able to escape the impending shock
-later, all they had to do was cross the other side but they didnt even try
- the dogs had learned they were "helpless" to avoid the shock and just sat there and took it without trying to escape
50
what is the frustration aggression hypothesis?
aggression is always due to frustration
- people often act out toward others who had nothing to do with their frustration
51
what is freuds thoughts on aggression
aggressive acts release emotional tension in process called catharsis
- research finds that acting aggressively produces more, not less anger and aggression
52
what is displacement?
the transfer of negative emotion from one person or thing to an unrelated person or thing
- got yelled at the boss from work start yelling at husband when at home
53
stress can lead to poor impulse control and what else? what are some examples
- self indulgence
ex...excessive eating, drinking, shopping, gambling, drug use or internet addiction
-when things are going poorly in one area, people tend to seek gratification elsewhere
- self-blame: a tendency to engage in negative self-talk in response to stress
ex.. ellis: self-blame is associated with catastrophic thinking rooted in irrational assumptions
-increased distress and depression for those who have experienced trauma and natural disasters
-heightened PTSD symptoms and greater feelings of shame in those who experienced sexual abuse
54
who do people procrastinate?
-desire to minimize time on a task
-desire to optimize efficiency
-close proximity to reward
- students often get rewarded for procrastination
-procrastinators also tend to experience more anxiety and health problems
55
what is constructive coping?
refers to efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful
constructive coping involves:
-confronting problems directly
-effort
-realistic appraisals of stress and coping resources
-learning to recognize and manage disruptive emotional reactions to stress
56
what are the three main categories of constructive coping strategies ?
-appraisal-focused
-problem-focused
-emotion-focused
57
what is the Ellis rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and the (ABC) model?
therapy that focuses on altering clients patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behavior
58
what are negative appraisals and positive appraisals?
negative: are often associated with catastrophic thinking, which exaggerates the magnitude of our problems
positive: realistic or optimistic appraisals allow constructive coping
59
how does humor reduce the negative impact of stress on mood ?
- creates a more positive appraisal
-increases positive emotions
-facilitates positive social interactions, reducing stress
60
how does positive reinterpretation buffers stress ?
- recognizing that things could have been worse
-finding benefits in a bad situation
-searching for something good in a bad experience
61
what is the problem focused strategy? and what problem solving skills can be increased through training and by using these steps?
using systematic problem solving
steps:
-clarify the problem
-generate alternative courses of action
- evaluate your alternatives and select a course of action
-take action while maintaining flexibility
62
what are the two psychosocial modifiers of stress?
1) social support
- the perceived comfort, caring, esteem, or help people receive from other people
2) a sense of personal control
- the feeling that one can make decisions and take effective action to produce desirable outcomes and avoid undesirable ones
63
what are the different types of social support?
emotional support
esteem support
tangible or instrumental support
informational support
network support
64
what is emotional support?
expression of empathy, caring, and concern toward a person
- it provides the person with a sense of comfort, reassurance, belongingness, and being loved in times of stress
65
what is esteem support?
expressed through positive regard for the person
- in the form of encouragement or agreement with the individuals ideas or feelings
-positive comparison of the person with others (e.g the less able or worse off)
- building the individuals self esteem
- be an ego-booster, avoid being an ego buster
66
what is examples of tangible or istrumental support?
-involves direct assistance
-examples: lending money, giving a ride, helping people out with chores in times of stress
67
what is informational support?
-includes giving advice, directions, suggestions, or feedback, about how the person is doing
examples:
patients getting information from friends or physicians on how to treat the illness
-junior workers getting feedback from coworkers or supervisors on job performace
68
what is network support?
provides a feeling of membership in a group of people who share interests and social activities
examples:
membership at church
69
what are the different types of control?
behavioural control
- ability to take action to reduce stressor
cognitive control
- use strategies to modify the impact of the stressors
- same as appraisal focused coping
3) decisional control:
-the opportunity to choose between alternative procedures or courses of action
4) informational control
-involves the opportunity to get knowledge about a stressful event
-knowing ahead of time what will happen, why, and what the consequences are likely to be
70
what are the essential components of emotional intelligence
ability to perceive emotions in self and in others
awareness of how emotions shape thinking, decision making
ability to understand and analyze one's emotions
ability to manage one's own emotions
71
what are some examples of EQ vs IQ?
EQ:
-self awareness
-self management
-relationship decision making
- social awareness
IQ:
- logic
- mathematical reasoning
-spatial reasoning
-verbal reasoning
- memory and recall
72
what are some weak predicors of happiness?
money
gender
parents
intelligence
age
physical attractiveness
73
what are some good predictors of happiness ?
health
social activity
religion
74
what is the greatest or stronger predictors of happiness?
personality
work
relationship satisfaction
75
how did aristotle define happiness?
happiness was attained by living a virtuous life and being a good person
76
how did jean-jacques rousseau define happiness?
the road to happiness lies in the satisfaction of one's desires and the hedonistic pursuit of pleasure
77
how did william james define happiness?
happiness was the ration of ones accomplishments to ones aspirations
78
what is positive illusion?
an inflated view of one's own characteristics as good, able, and desirable person
79
what is a paradox?
having a positive illusion will make you happy
a positive illusion can be accomplished by :
-lowering ones aspiration
-making downward comparisons (I am better than 50% of people. I am half full, not half empty. I am not too bad after all)
80
what is causality?
Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event,
81
are younger people middle aged people or elders happiest?
when you are young you are happy, but the most is when you are eldest
-happiness increases at 46
-happiness peaks at age 74
82
what is the correlation between a nations well-being score and its gross national product?
+0.67
83
is there a correlation between income and happiness in the USA?
both yes and no, depending on whether the individual has made enough money to support the basic needs of life
- there seems to be a threshold of income: there is a positive correlation between income and happiness when this threshold is not met. When this threshold is met, happiness does not increase with income
84
what makes up 10 to 15 percent of happiness?
gener, age, ethnicity and income account for only 10-15%
-personality accounts for up to three times as much of variance accounted for by age, income, gender, education, ethnicity, and religion put together
85
what two personality traits are closely related to well-being?
extraversion
neuroticism
86
why are some people happier than others?
personality : happier people are emotionally stable and socially engaged
life satisfaction : ratio of ones accomplishments to ones aspirations
social support: married people tend to be happier than unmarried people
- people with friends tend to be happier than people with few friends
socioeconomic status: people who can support their basic needs are happier than people who cant
87
