term test 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 areas that exercise focuses on
A
- cardiovascular (endurance)
- physical strength
- flexibility
2
Q
what is the circadian rhythm
A
the circadian system keeps us in sync with the 24 hour day
3
Q
what’s one thing our internal clock signals in our body
A
- digestion
- release of certain hormones
- body temperature & heart rate
4
Q
what’s something that creates a misalignment between your internal clock and the outside world
A
shift work
5
Q
what is infection
A
an invasion and multiplication of microorganisms into the body causing cellular damage (something has to go into the site for an infection to grow or being to multiply)
6
Q
what is communicable
A
the ability to spread disease person to person
7
Q
6 steps to the chain of infection transmission
A
- agent (germs)
- reservoir (where germs live)
- portal of exit (how germs get out)
- mode of transmission (how germs get around)
- portal of entry (how germs get in)
- susceptible host (next sick person)
8
Q
Example for chain of transmission (influenza)
A
- infectious agent = influenza virus
- reservoir = germs normally live and multiply in the patient’s lungs and air passages
- portal of exit = germs leave the body through the respiratory tract by coughing and sneezing
- mode of transmission = germs are spread by the touching of contaminated surfaces
- portal of entry = germs enter the body from the eyes, nose and mouth
- susceptible host = a person who gets an infection because they are unable to successfully fight the infection so people without the annual influenza vaccine
9
Q
how are infectious diseases spread
A
can be spread easily and quickly when a sick or infected person comes in direct or indirect contact with a healthy individual
10
Q
6 main ways that infectious diseases are spread
A
- through air
- saliva of the infected person or animal
- blood or other bodily fluids
- skin or mucous membranes
- urine or feces
- soiled, dirty or unhygienic objects
11
Q
airborne pathogens
A
when an infected person coughs or sneezes, the pathogens are released into the air and can be inhaled by another person and make them sick
12
Q
7 main diseases spread by air
A
- chicken pox
- common cold
- flu
- measles, meningitis, mumps
- strep throat
- rubella
- tuberculosis
13
Q
urine and feces
A
some diseases are spread by the urine of the infected person coming in contact with a healthy individual through dirty hands or object
14
Q
skin or mucous membrane contact
A
infection is spread easily by the direct contact of the skin or mucous membrane like that of the nose, throat, genitals etc
15
Q
blood and bodily fluids
A
- these infections can spread via blood or any bodily fluid
- this happens through a used injection device, needle pin or broken skin
16
Q
what are the 3 most common diseases spread by blood or bodily fluids
A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- HIV
17
Q
breaking the chain
A
routine practices are a set of infection control strategies and standards designed to protect workers from exposure to potential sources of infectious diseases
18
Q
4 routine practices used for breaking the chain
A
- immunization
- hand hygiene and care
- equipment disinfection
- PPE
19
Q
immunization
A
your best defence against infectious diseases
20
Q
what does PPE stand for
A
personal protective equipment
21
Q
EMCAP
A
E = environment
M = MOI
C = # of casualties
A = assistance
P = PPE
22
Q
AVPU
A
A = alert
V = verbal
P = pain
U = unresponsive
23
Q
ABC
A
A = airway
B = breathing
C = circulation
24
Q
CMS
A
C = circulation
M = motor
S = sensory
**used for focused assessments (ex.arm)
25
OPQRST
O = onset
P = provoke
Q = quality
R = radiate
S = severity
T = time
26
SAMPLE
S = signs & symptoms
A = allergies
M = medications
P = past medical history
L = last oral intake
E = events leading up to injury
27
common PPE equipment
- gloves
- gowns
- head covering
- boot and shoe coverings
- surgical or N95 masks
- powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR)
28
donning
PPE must be donned correctly and in proper order before any patient care is giving
29
proper order of donning
1. perform hand hygiene
2. put on gown
3. put on mask or N95
4. put of eye protection
5. put on gloves
30
doffing
the removal of used PPE
31
proper order of doffing
1. remove gloves
2. remove gown
3. perform hand hygiene
4. remove eye protection
5. remove mask or N95
6. perform hand hygiene
32
how to decide how much PPE is needed
1. patient's chief complain
2. common sense
3. dispatch information
** when in doubt wear more PPE than may be initially required as it can be removed if its not needed
33
what is a traumatic event
"trauma" is different for everyone but there are a # of events that can cause significant distress
34
examples of events that could cause significant distress
1. threat or death
2. serious injury
3. viewing or handling of bodies
4. death or a serious injury or a close friend, colleague or family member
35
7 common reactions to a traumatic event
1. panic or anxiety
2. desire to avoid anything attached to the event
3. feeling sad, tearful, hopeless, depressed, angry or guilty
4. increased consumption of alcohol or abuse of other substances
5. a change in personality, trouble controlling moods
6. difficulties in concentration, disorientation or memory problems
7. sleep disturbances or excessive alertness, painfully reliving the event (while awake or asleep)
36
general impression
at distance assessment of the patient to determine how "sick" they are
**look for alertness, position, skin colour etc
37
2 types of MOI
1. medical
2. trauma
38
order for treating a conscious patient
1. EMCAP
2. general impression
3. consent
4. AVPU
5. primary assessment (ABC & wet check)
6. focused exam (OPQRST)
7. SAMPLE
8. vitals & GCS
9. transport
39
order for treating a unconscious patient
1. EMCAP
2. general impression
3. consent
4. AVPU
5. primary assessment (ABC & WC)
6. head to toe assessment
7. vitals & GCS
8. SAMPLE
9. transport
40
what are the 3 components to the GCS scale
1. eyes
2. motor
3. verbal
41
what is the GCS scale out of
15
42
levels for GCS (eyes)
4 = open
3 = verbal
2 = pain
1 = closed
43
levels for GCS (verbal)
5 = orientated
4 = confused
3 = inappropriate words
2 = incomprehensive
1 = none
44
levels of GCS (motor)
6 = obeys
5 = local
4 = withdraw
3 = flexion
2 = extension
1 = none
45
what are the 3 stages of a lift
1. plan
2. communicate
3. execute
46
3 types of patient consent
1. verbal/expressed
2. implied
3. informed
47
what does A stand for in AVPU
alert to talking and who they are (person, place, day)
48
what does V stand for in AVPU
is responsive to verbal stimuli
49
what does P stand for in AVPU
is responsive to pain stimuli (sternum rub)
50
what does U stand for in AVPU
unresponsive
51
7 steps to a complete set of vitals
1. heart rate (pulse, rhythm, volume) - timed for 15 secs
2. respiratory rate (BPM, rhythm, volume)
3. pupil response
4. skin condition
5. GCS
6. blood pressure
7. temperature
**determine order based on chief complaint
52
systolic pressure
measured during contraction of the heart, and is the higher of the 2 numbers (top number)
53
diastolic pressure
measured during relaxation of the heart, the lower of the 2 numbers (bottom number)
54
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
55
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
56
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5
57
how many sacral vertebrae are there
5 that are fused
58
what results from a spinal cord injury
- swelling and inflammation
- migration of bone fragments
59
how many coccyx vertebrae are there
4 that are fused
60
what can result from a cervical injury to the spine
quadriplegia
61
what can result from a thoracic injury to the spine
paraplegia
62
true or false
the severity of the injury depends on the location of the injury
TRUE
63
what can result from a lumbar injury to the spine
paraplegia
64
What are 2 questions you need to ask the patient after applying a C collar
1. Can you breath
2. Can you swallow
65
What colour is the pediatric collar
Yellow
66
What colour is the adult collar
Grey
67
what is the structure and function of the spine
1. house and protect the spinal cord
2. vertebrae has a hollow centre to allow for the spinal cord
3. spinal cord transmits nerve impulses from the brain to the rest of the body
4. allows for movement and sensation
5. vertebrae are divided up into sections (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx)
68
what does a injury from a force from the front cause (bend towards force, then recoil backward)
hyper flexion
69
what does a injury from a force from the back cause (bend backward towards force, then recoil forward)
hyperextension
70
mechanism
energy moves through the body based on the force/impact (think class example - side impacted with force is going to be more severely injured or damaged)
71
TRUE or FALSE - if there is a level of conscious (meaning patient is unconscious) assume there is a spinal injury
TRUE - apply C collar
72
what are 3 things required for spinal immobilization
1. immobilization of the head
2. immobilization of the neck
3. immobilization of the torso/thorax
**full immobilization is usually not required
73
what are the 6 steps of spinal immobilization
1. manual C - Spine control
2. cervical collar (not is there is resistance or pain)
3. backboard (scoop = better option)
4. log roll (ensure head, torso, pelvis move as one unit = 2 people movement - person at the head counts)
5. strapping (shoulder, pelvis, legs) - do the strap chest first because its the heaviest part of the body
6. head rolls
74
what to look for during the physical exam for a spinal injury - 4 parts of an assessment
1. head
2. neck
3. back
4. extremities
75
what to check for during a spinal check
palpate (lateral and midline) and look for any tenderness or deformities of the spine
76
3 things to assess all extremities for
1. strength
2. mobilization
3. sensation
77
in what cases would you use the KED
used in situations when their is confined space
1. cars
2. stairwells
3. small rooms
4. patients must remain seated
78
what does KED stand for
kendric extrication device
79
TRUE or FALSE - KED should only be used for stable patients as it takes time
TRUE
80
how long should a patient be on a unpadded long board (backboard) for no longer than
45 minutes
81
which stretcher is better the scoop or backboard
scoop
82
what is kyphosis
- when a person has rounded shoulders
- often seen in older populations
- head needs to be elevated when on a backboard or scoop
83
what is lordosis
- the inward curve of the lumbar spine (just above the butt)
- seen in people who are pregnant, kids going through growth spurts or those who are overweight
- blanket needs to be under the elevated part when trying to mobilize the spine
84
what are the 5 possible complications associated with spinal immobilization using a c collar
1. airway problems (aspiration = breathing in anything in the lungs example; mucus)
2. restricted respiration
3. dysphagia
4. skin ulceration
5. pain
85
what is placed under a children's body when placed on a spinal board
padding is placed under the child's torso from below the shoulders to the hips to keep their body in alignment with their head so it's not hyper-flexed
86
airway problems
restricted access to the airway can make it difficult to clear vomit or blood
87
dysphasia
- problems or difficulty swallowing
- problems with patients in unusual neck anatomy following neurological procedures
88
what is the most common type of spinal fracture
compression fracture
89
what is a compression fracture
causes the vertebrae to collapse making them shorter in height
90
what can happen if the vertebrae collapse
it can cause pieces of bone to press on the spinal cord nerves which can cause a decrease amount of blood and oxygen that gets to the spinal cord
91
what is a burst fracture
a severe variant of a compression fracture with an increase risk of neurological deficits. the vertebrae is crushed in all directions
92
what is a rotation translation fracture
a rotation and translation fracture are severe spinal injuries characterized by the horizontal displacement and rotation of 1 vertebrae
93
what is paralysis
Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part of your body. It can be localized or generalized, partial or complete, and temporary or permanent. Paralysis can affect any part of your body at any time in your life.
94
most common causes of paralysis
include strokes, spinal cord injuries and nerve disorders like multiple sclerosis
