term test 1 Flashcards
what are the 3 areas that exercise focuses on
- cardiovascular (endurance)
- physical strength
- flexibility
what is the circadian rhythm
the circadian system keeps us in sync with the 24 hour day
what’s one thing our internal clock signals in our body
- digestion
- release of certain hormones
- body temperature & heart rate
what’s something that creates a misalignment between your internal clock and the outside world
shift work
what is infection
an invasion and multiplication of microorganisms into the body causing cellular damage (something has to go into the site for an infection to grow or being to multiply)
what is communicable
the ability to spread disease person to person
6 steps to the chain of infection transmission
- agent (germs)
- reservoir (where germs live)
- portal of exit (how germs get out)
- mode of transmission (how germs get around)
- portal of entry (how germs get in)
- susceptible host (next sick person)
Example for chain of transmission (influenza)
- infectious agent = influenza virus
- reservoir = germs normally live and multiply in the patient’s lungs and air passages
- portal of exit = germs leave the body through the respiratory tract by coughing and sneezing
- mode of transmission = germs are spread by the touching of contaminated surfaces
- portal of entry = germs enter the body from the eyes, nose and mouth
- susceptible host = a person who gets an infection because they are unable to successfully fight the infection so people without the annual influenza vaccine
how are infectious diseases spread
can be spread easily and quickly when a sick or infected person comes in direct or indirect contact with a healthy individual
6 main ways that infectious diseases are spread
- through air
- saliva of the infected person or animal
- blood or other bodily fluids
- skin or mucous membranes
- urine or feces
- soiled, dirty or unhygienic objects
airborne pathogens
when an infected person coughs or sneezes, the pathogens are released into the air and can be inhaled by another person and make them sick
7 main diseases spread by air
- chicken pox
- common cold
- flu
- measles, meningitis, mumps
- strep throat
- rubella
- tuberculosis
urine and feces
some diseases are spread by the urine of the infected person coming in contact with a healthy individual through dirty hands or object
skin or mucous membrane contact
infection is spread easily by the direct contact of the skin or mucous membrane like that of the nose, throat, genitals etc
blood and bodily fluids
- these infections can spread via blood or any bodily fluid
- this happens through a used injection device, needle pin or broken skin
what are the 3 most common diseases spread by blood or bodily fluids
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- HIV
breaking the chain
routine practices are a set of infection control strategies and standards designed to protect workers from exposure to potential sources of infectious diseases
4 routine practices used for breaking the chain
- immunization
- hand hygiene and care
- equipment disinfection
- PPE
immunization
your best defence against infectious diseases
what does PPE stand for
personal protective equipment
EMCAP
E = environment
M = MOI
C = # of casualties
A = assistance
P = PPE
AVPU
A = alert
V = verbal
P = pain
U = unresponsive
ABC
A = airway
B = breathing
C = circulation
CMS
C = circulation
M = motor
S = sensory
**used for focused assessments (ex.arm)
OPQRST
O = onset
P = provoke
Q = quality
R = radiate
S = severity
T = time
SAMPLE
S = signs & symptoms
A = allergies
M = medications
P = past medical history
L = last oral intake
E = events leading up to injury
common PPE equipment
- gloves
- gowns
- head covering
- boot and shoe coverings
- surgical or N95 masks
- powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR)
donning
PPE must be donned correctly and in proper order before any patient care is giving
proper order of donning
- perform hand hygiene
- put on gown
- put on mask or N95
- put of eye protection
- put on gloves
doffing
the removal of used PPE
proper order of doffing
- remove gloves
- remove gown
- perform hand hygiene
- remove eye protection
- remove mask or N95
- perform hand hygiene
how to decide how much PPE is needed
- patient’s chief complain
- common sense
- dispatch information
** when in doubt wear more PPE than may be initially required as it can be removed if its not needed
what is a traumatic event
“trauma” is different for everyone but there are a # of events that can cause significant distress
examples of events that could cause significant distress
- threat or death
- serious injury
- viewing or handling of bodies
- death or a serious injury or a close friend, colleague or family member
7 common reactions to a traumatic event
- panic or anxiety
- desire to avoid anything attached to the event
- feeling sad, tearful, hopeless, depressed, angry or guilty
- increased consumption of alcohol or abuse of other substances
- a change in personality, trouble controlling moods
- difficulties in concentration, disorientation or memory problems
- sleep disturbances or excessive alertness, painfully reliving the event (while awake or asleep)
general impression
at distance assessment of the patient to determine how “sick” they are
**look for alertness, position, skin colour etc
2 types of MOI
- medical
- trauma
order for treating a conscious patient
- EMCAP
- general impression
- consent
- AVPU
- primary assessment (ABC & wet check)
- focused exam (OPQRST)
- SAMPLE
- vitals & GCS
- transport
order for treating a unconscious patient
- EMCAP
- general impression
- consent
- AVPU
- primary assessment (ABC & WC)
- head to toe assessment
- vitals & GCS
- SAMPLE
- transport
what are the 3 components to the GCS scale
- eyes
- motor
- verbal
what is the GCS scale out of
15
levels for GCS (eyes)
4 = open
3 = verbal
2 = pain
1 = closed
levels for GCS (verbal)
5 = orientated
4 = confused
3 = inappropriate words
2 = incomprehensive
1 = none
levels of GCS (motor)
6 = obeys
5 = local
4 = withdraw
3 = flexion
2 = extension
1 = none
what are the 3 stages of a lift
- plan
- communicate
- execute
3 types of patient consent
- verbal/expressed
- implied
- informed
what does A stand for in AVPU
alert to talking and who they are (person, place, day)
what does V stand for in AVPU
is responsive to verbal stimuli
what does P stand for in AVPU
is responsive to pain stimuli (sternum rub)
what does U stand for in AVPU
unresponsive
7 steps to a complete set of vitals
- heart rate (pulse, rhythm, volume) - timed for 15 secs
- respiratory rate (BPM, rhythm, volume)
- pupil response
- skin condition
- GCS
- blood pressure
- temperature
**determine order based on chief complaint
systolic pressure
measured during contraction of the heart, and is the higher of the 2 numbers (top number)
diastolic pressure
measured during relaxation of the heart, the lower of the 2 numbers (bottom number)
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5
how many sacral vertebrae are there
5 that are fused
what results from a spinal cord injury
- swelling and inflammation
- migration of bone fragments
how many coccyx vertebrae are there
4 that are fused
what can result from a cervical injury to the spine
quadriplegia
what can result from a thoracic injury to the spine
paraplegia
true or false
the severity of the injury depends on the location of the injury
TRUE
what can result from a lumbar injury to the spine
paraplegia
What are 2 questions you need to ask the patient after applying a C collar
- Can you breath
- Can you swallow
What colour is the pediatric collar
Yellow
What colour is the adult collar
Grey
what is the structure and function of the spine
- house and protect the spinal cord
- vertebrae has a hollow centre to allow for the spinal cord
- spinal cord transmits nerve impulses from the brain to the rest of the body
- allows for movement and sensation
- vertebrae are divided up into sections (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx)
what does a injury from a force from the front cause (bend towards force, then recoil backward)
hyper flexion
what does a injury from a force from the back cause (bend backward towards force, then recoil forward)
hyperextension
mechanism
energy moves through the body based on the force/impact (think class example - side impacted with force is going to be more severely injured or damaged)
TRUE or FALSE - if there is a level of conscious (meaning patient is unconscious) assume there is a spinal injury
TRUE - apply C collar
what are 3 things required for spinal immobilization
- immobilization of the head
- immobilization of the neck
- immobilization of the torso/thorax
**full immobilization is usually not required
what are the 6 steps of spinal immobilization
- manual C - Spine control
- cervical collar (not is there is resistance or pain)
- backboard (scoop = better option)
- log roll (ensure head, torso, pelvis move as one unit = 2 people movement - person at the head counts)
- strapping (shoulder, pelvis, legs) - do the strap chest first because its the heaviest part of the body
- head rolls
what to look for during the physical exam for a spinal injury - 4 parts of an assessment
- head
- neck
- back
- extremities
what to check for during a spinal check
palpate (lateral and midline) and look for any tenderness or deformities of the spine
3 things to assess all extremities for
- strength
- mobilization
- sensation
in what cases would you use the KED
used in situations when their is confined space
1. cars
2. stairwells
3. small rooms
4. patients must remain seated
what does KED stand for
kendric extrication device
TRUE or FALSE - KED should only be used for stable patients as it takes time
TRUE
how long should a patient be on a unpadded long board (backboard) for no longer than
45 minutes
which stretcher is better the scoop or backboard
scoop
what is kyphosis
- when a person has rounded shoulders
- often seen in older populations
- head needs to be elevated when on a backboard or scoop
what is lordosis
- the inward curve of the lumbar spine (just above the butt)
- seen in people who are pregnant, kids going through growth spurts or those who are overweight
- blanket needs to be under the elevated part when trying to mobilize the spine
what are the 5 possible complications associated with spinal immobilization using a c collar
- airway problems (aspiration = breathing in anything in the lungs example; mucus)
- restricted respiration
- dysphagia
- skin ulceration
- pain
what is placed under a children’s body when placed on a spinal board
padding is placed under the child’s torso from below the shoulders to the hips to keep their body in alignment with their head so it’s not hyper-flexed
airway problems
restricted access to the airway can make it difficult to clear vomit or blood
dysphasia
- problems or difficulty swallowing
- problems with patients in unusual neck anatomy following neurological procedures
what is the most common type of spinal fracture
compression fracture
what is a compression fracture
causes the vertebrae to collapse making them shorter in height
what can happen if the vertebrae collapse
it can cause pieces of bone to press on the spinal cord nerves which can cause a decrease amount of blood and oxygen that gets to the spinal cord
what is a burst fracture
a severe variant of a compression fracture with an increase risk of neurological deficits. the vertebrae is crushed in all directions
what is a rotation translation fracture
a rotation and translation fracture are severe spinal injuries characterized by the horizontal displacement and rotation of 1 vertebrae
what is paralysis
Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part of your body. It can be localized or generalized, partial or complete, and temporary or permanent. Paralysis can affect any part of your body at any time in your life.
most common causes of paralysis
include strokes, spinal cord injuries and nerve disorders like multiple sclerosis
