term test 1 Flashcards
technical skills
specialized skills required to give care
example; defibrillation, airway management
human relation skills
interpersonal skills used in personal and professional life
example; small talk and active listening
Social skills
non-specific skills to engage other people
example; holding the door for someone
therapeutic professional communication skills
specific and well defined professional skills
example; telling the patient they will feel a squeeze on their arm when BP is being taken and the cuff is expanding
6 influences on life and perception
- genetics
- cultural
- economic
- spiritual and moral values
- mentors
- antmentors
steps of the communication cycle
- sender - Starts the cycle of communication by encoding (creating) message
- message - Content of intended thought/emotion
- receiver - Recipient of the encoded message
- feedback - Response to the encoded message (occurs both ways, verifying process)
- channel - Mode of communication
- noise - Interference with clear reception
- context - Physical and physiological communication environment
self awareness
Awareness of oneself as individual, mental image of oneself (realistic or not)
ideal self
Who we think we should be
public self
How we want others to see us
real self
Who we really think we are when we are true to our self and others
the helping interview
conversation between healthcare professional and person in need
example; your opening line (defining what we do and who we are)
3 components of the helping interview
- orientation
- identification of problem
- resolution of the problem
control factor
being the helper is a feeling of control/power; being the patient is a feeling of loss of control/power
2 types of stressors
internal and external
internal stressors
- Products of emotions
- Sometimes referred to as anxieties
- Can be imaginary, having no relationship to real events
external stressors
Events or observations that invoke a sensation of fright or fearfulness
stressors
internal perceptions or external events that cause ANS to respond
distress
bad stress
eustress
good stress
3 stress theories
- Claude Bernard
- Walter B Cannon
- Hans Seyle
What was Claude Bernards stress theory
- 19th Century biologist
- Body constantly changes to maintain homeostasis
- Homeostasis = state of well being
- Too much causes death
what was Walter B Cannons stress theory
- Harvard physiologist built on Bernards work
- Additionally discovered the body adapts to stressors by releasing substances into the bloodstream (epinephrine, cholesterol, glucose)
was what Hans Seyles stress theory
Developed generalized Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
1. Reaction stage
2. Adaptation stage
3. Exhaustion stage
4. (hopefully in the end) return to normal stage
the reaction stage (stage 1)
alarm response
- body protective measures of alerting itself to danger
flight to fight response
- increase of BP, HR, RR, blood flow to muscles heart and brain
the adaptation stage (stage 2)
- If prolonged stress continues
- Body ‘adapts’ to survive
- Can’t last forever
- Once ‘adaptive energy’ depleted = disease and or death
the exhaustion stage (stage 3)
- Adaptive abilities of body used up
- Disease and death occur
- Body uses all the cortisol up
return to normal stage (stage 4)
if the body successfully endures the stressor
- PNS kicks in
- Body functions return to normal (decreased HR, BP, RR), constricted pupils, blood flow redirected to GI tract
- Return to homeostasis
what is the Holmes and rahe stress scale
- Developed by psychologists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe as a predictor of illness from stress
- Effects of stress = migraine headaches, hypertension, allergies, low back pain, depression, ulcers
- Other effects = arthritis, infections, skin eruptions, cancers, autoimmune disorders, heart attack. Angina, dysrhythmias, stroke, colitis,, constipation, diarrhea etc
what is anxiety
a feeling of apprehension, worry, uneasiness, frequently accompanied by physical symptoms
true or false
anxiety is different from fear (true)
what are the 4 levels of anxiety
- mild
- moderate
- severe
- panic
define crisis
- sudden , unexpected and often life threatening and overall time limited event
- It temporarily overwhelms capacity to respond adaptively
- Personal response to a stressful event
- Not a mental illness
Characteristics of Crisis State
- Atypical behavior from normal patterns of coping
- Extreme fatigue, helplessness, inadequacy, and anxiety
- Changes in eating habits, sleep disturbances, “tunnel vision”, inability to consider alternative options
- Feeling “suspended in time”
what are the 5 factors that tip the scale
- Problem too huge
- New
- Personal significance
- Usual support network fails
- Occurs during period of vulnerability
crisis intervention
is a temporary, active and supportive entry into the life of an individual, family or organization during a period of acute distress (FOCUSED on the NOW)
7 principles of crisis intervention
- Simplicity : keep it to the point since people in crisis cant follow complex instructions or complete complex tasks
- Brevity : keep it short and sweet
- Innovation : be willing to try new ideas to help, there is no way to provide the perfect help to someone
- Practicality : keep things practical, if you suggest impractical things it will only confuse and frustrate them and shake your own credibility
- Proximity : operate within a safe zone that is close to the persons home, workplace or someone they feel most family and comfortable (safe)
- Immediacy : services must be provided immediately for them to be best effective
- Expectancy : encourage the person in crisis that help is available and that the situation is manageable but refrain from giving them a false sense of hope
stages of crisis interventions
- Assess the crisis
- Establish report
- Explore the crisis problem
- Explore the feelings and emotions
- Generate and explore alternatives
- Develop and implement a crisis action plan
- Follow up
crew resource management
- Effective communication (Clarity, Call people by name, Close the loop)
- Leadership
- Situational awareness
- Resource utilization
- Problem solving
what are the 10 defence mechanisms
- Undoing
- Denial
- Displacement
- Projection
- Compensation
- Rationalization
- Regression
- Repression - unconscious
- Suppression - conscious
- Sublimation
4 types of crisis orientated staff support
- Comprehensive - before, during, after traumatic events
- Integrated - All elements interrelated and blended.
- Systematic - order of support individual → small group → more individual → CISD → family → follow up services → closure of interventions or referrals
- Multi Tactic - different types of services available; different people = different needs.
typical training for cism (critical incident stress management)
- Assisting individuals in crisis
- Working with large and small groups
- Suicide prevention, intervention and recovery
- Advanced crisis intervention tactics
- Strategic planning
what are the 4 ways to mitigate stress
The big four (MHCC)
1. Goal setting
2. Visualization
3. Self talk
4. Tactical breathing
defence mechanisms
behaviour that is used to protect the ego from guilt, anxiety or loss of self esteem
compensation
consciously or unconsciously overemphasizing a characteristic to compensate for a real or imagined deficiency
example; the young boy whose physical stature may keep him from being a football star may compensate by achieving a academic award
denial
is the unconscious refusal to acknowledge painful realities, feelings or experiences. denial offers a temporary escape from an unpleasant event
example; when a laboratory report comes back positive and the client is told they may express denial by saying “there must be a mistake”
displacement
is shifting the emotional element of a situation from a threatening object to a nonthreatening one
example;
