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SOC 100 Introductory Sociology > Term Exam 2 > Flashcards

Term Exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Society is at the intersection of _____ and _____.

A

Social structure, culture.

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2
Q

What is social status?

A

The recognized social position that a person occupies that may be achieved or ascribed.

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3
Q

What is master status?

A

The status that dominates all other statuses and has the greatest role in identity formation.

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4
Q

What is status hierarchy?

A

The ranking of statuses based on prestige and power.

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5
Q

What is status inconsistency?

A

When tensions arise from statuses not lining up.

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6
Q

What is marginalization?

A

When groups are assigned to categories that set them at or beyond the margins of dominant society.

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7
Q

What is a role?

A

The behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status.

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8
Q

What is a role set?

A

All the roles attached to a status.

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9
Q

What is role strain?

A

Tension within a role or status.

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10
Q

What is role conflict?

A

Tension when you’re forced to reconcile between two roles.

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11
Q

Who posited small group interactions?

A

Georg Simmel, forerunner of symbolic interactionism.

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12
Q

What is the Thomas Theorem?

A

A theory posited by W.I. and Dorothy Swain Thomas that if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.

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13
Q

The definition of the situation depends on _____.

A

People’s subjective experiences.

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14
Q

The Thomas Theorem supports _____.

A

Merton’s self-fulfilling prophecy.

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15
Q

What are the consequences of labeling?

A

Creates and helps internalize powerful negative master statuses.

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16
Q

What does the neglected situation refer to?

A

The everyday interpretations of Goffman’s dramaturgical approach.

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17
Q

What is the dramaturgical approach?

A

The study of everyday life as if it’s taking place on a stage.

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18
Q

What is the front stage?

A

The public display that reflect’s the actor’s social status and tells the audience what to expect.

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19
Q

What is the back stage?

A

Personal encounters, no audience, informal interaction.

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20
Q

What is impression management?

A

The tactics people employ when presenting themselves publicly.

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21
Q

What is social organization?

A

Social and cultural principles around which things are structured, ordered, and categorized.

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22
Q

Weber questioned _____.

A

Freedom in an increasingly rational society.

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23
Q

Critical management studies critiques _____ and examines _____.

A

Traditional theories of management, things like race, ethnicity, class, and gender.

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24
Q

What are Caroline Mueller’s feminist organizational models?

A
  1. Formal
  2. Small groups
  3. Service providers
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25
Q

Bureaucracy arose out of _____.

A

The formation of states and writing systems 5,000 years ago.

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26
Q

When and where did the term “bureaucracy” originate?

A

18th-century France.

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27
Q

What does Weber’s Iron Cage of Rationalization refer to?

A

Increasingly knowledgable, impersonal, and enhanced control of social and material life.

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28
Q

What does rationalization lead to?

A

A rigid, dehumanized, and bureaucratized society.

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29
Q

What does formal rationalization emphasize?

A

Best forms, efficiency, and productivity.

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30
Q

What does substantive rationalization emphasize?

A

Values and ethical norms.

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31
Q

What are the four elements of formal rationalization?

A
  1. Efficiency
  2. Quantification
  3. Predictability
  4. Control
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32
Q

What do Marx and Engels believe bureaucracy stems from?

A

Religion, state formation, commerce, and technology.

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33
Q

A technocracy controls power through _____.

A

Specialized technical knowledge and information.

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34
Q

What does Taylorism involve?

A

The application of science to management.

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35
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

The process by which the rationalizing principles of fast food come to dominate more sectors of the world.

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36
Q

What is deviance?

A

Behaviour that strays from the norm.

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37
Q

What is a crime?

A

An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by sanctions.

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38
Q

What are overt characteristics?

A

Things that explicitly violate the cultural norm.

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39
Q

What are covert characteristics?

A

The unstated qualities that might make a group a target for sanctions.

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40
Q

Who posited strain theory and what does it believe?

A

Merton, that social structure can limit legitimate means to acquire cultural goals.

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41
Q

Innovation is _____.

A

Criminal deviance.

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42
Q

Who posited sub-cultural theory and what does it believe?

A

Cohen, that certain sub-cultural groups have values and norms that contribute to deviance and that members adopt such values.

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43
Q

What does labelling theory believe?

A

That deviance is created by labelling.

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44
Q

Labelling can lead to _____.

A

Further deviance, due to denied opportunities, internalization of the label, and adoption of a deviant self-concept.

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45
Q

Social constructionism states that _____.

A

Elements of social life are not natural but are created by society and culture.

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46
Q

Essentialism believes that _____.

A

There is something natural and objectively determined about elements of social life.

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47
Q

When does conflict deviance occur?

A

When there is a disagreement among groups over whether or not something is deviant.

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48
Q

What is stigma, according to Goffman?

A

A powerfully negative label that changes a person’s self-concept and social identity.

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49
Q

Whar are Goffman’s three types of stigmata?

A
  1. Bodily
  2. Moral
  3. Tribal
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50
Q

What is a moral entrepreneur?

A

Posited by Becker, a group or individual that tries to convince others of the existence of a particular social problem as defined by them.

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51
Q

What do critical theories say about deviance?

A

That structures of power determine which behaviours or characteristics are defined and treated as deviant.

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52
Q

Who originally designed the panopticon and what is it?

A

Bentham, a prison where other prisoners can see each other and guards can see them but they don’t know if they’re being watched.

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53
Q

What did Foucault believe about the panopticon?

A

That bars and locks were no longer necessary for domination.

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54
Q

What does panoptic discipline believe?

A

That the threat of surveillance is enough to discipline society into rules and norms.

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55
Q

How do we internalize social control?

A

Through self-surveillance, monitoring our behaviours in order to prevent being considered deviant.

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56
Q

How is being female deviant?

A

Male values are normalized and we live in a patriarchal society.

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57
Q

What is the Bechdel test?

A

A test that analyzes the number and depiction of women in film.

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58
Q

How is patriarchy turned into misogyny?

A

Images of women are constructed in misogynistic ways.

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59
Q

How is deviance racialized?

A

Certain ethnic groups are linked to certain forms of deviance.

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60
Q

There is an over-representation of the lower class in _____ and _____.

A

Criminal convictions, prison admissions.

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61
Q

What are the two reasons for higher crime rate among the poor?

A
  1. Lack of social resources.

2. Lack of impression-management skill.

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62
Q

What is a white collar crime?

A

A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his or her occupation.

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63
Q

What are occupational crimes?

A

Crimes that benefit the individual at the expense of others in the company.

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64
Q

What are corporate crimes?

A

Crimes that benefit corporations and executives at the expense of companies and public.

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65
Q

What is the Second Palestinian Intifada and when did it take place?

A

The second Palestinian uprising against Israel, 2000-2005.

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66
Q

What does the focus on perpetrators believe?

A

That suicide bombers are deranged, deprived psychopaths with a death wish.

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67
Q

What does the focus on occupiers believe?

A

That strategic rationality is evident in the objectives, timing, and results of bombing campaigns to remove occupiers.

68
Q

What is Brym’s argument about the focus on occupiers?

A

That it is an oversimplification of a complex process.

69
Q

What does the focus on interaction believe?

A

That the conflict is guided by deadly interaction between conflicting parties.

70
Q

What does Weber say about social action?

A

That it includes behaviour that is meaningful and takes in account the behaviour of others.

71
Q

What does Mead say about social interaction?

A

That part of it is the capacity to empathize: take on the role of the other.

72
Q

What does Brym argue about suicide bombing as a whole?

A

That to solve the problem we need empathy, to understand things from your enemy’s perspective so resolution can be designed to enable greatest gains and fewest losses.

73
Q

What is social stratification?

A

Relatively fixed hierarchical arrangement and classification of people into groups based on shared socio-economic conditions.

74
Q

What was the demand of the Occupy movement?

A

To make economic and political relations less vertically hierarchical and more flatly distributed.

75
Q

What is social inequality?

A

The long-term existence of significant differences among social groups in access to goods and services.

76
Q

Globally, 1% of the worlds population controls __% of the wealth?

A

99.

77
Q

Evidence shows inequality in Canada is _____.

A

Increasing.

78
Q

What are the three takeaways from the “Class Matters” video?

A
  1. Social class is a term in flux
  2. There are economic, political, and cultural classes
  3. The new realities of the working class
79
Q

What does the idea of social class as relational believe?

A

That social class reflects one’s relationship to the means of production.

80
Q

In the Marxist conception of social class, wealth is achieved through _____.

A

Capital.

81
Q

What is the Marxist foundation of society?

A

The economic base.

82
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

Awareness of what’s in the best interests of one’s class.

83
Q

Why do the working class accept exploitation?

A

Because of use of force and manipulation of the way people think.

84
Q

What is false consciousness?

A

The belief that something in one’s best interests, when it is not.

85
Q

What are the criticisms of the Marxist perspective?

A
  1. We don’t know what is in someone else’s best interests.

2. People do not fit well into old class paradigms

86
Q

What, other than social class, controls the means of production?

A
  1. Economic position
  2. Hierarchies of prestige
  3. Political inequalities
87
Q

What is socio-economic status?

A

The combination of economic and social circumstances that shape one’s experiences as a member of a given class.

88
Q

What is an ideology?

A

A relatively coherent set of interrelated ideas/beliefs about society and the people in it.

89
Q

What is dominant ideology?

A

A set of beliefs put forward by, and supportive of, the dominant culture/class in society.

90
Q

What is neoliberal ideology?

A

An ideology focused on the individual as an independent player.

91
Q

What is counter-ideology?

A

A critique of the dominant ideology’s justice and applicability.

92
Q

What is hegemony?

A

An idea, posited by Gramsci, that involves a set of non-coercive methods of maintaining power used by the dominant class.

93
Q

How do food banks indicate inequality?

A

The increase of use and who’s using them.

94
Q

What is minimum wage?

A

The lowest hourly rate a person can be paid for their work.

95
Q

What is living wage?

A

A target above existing minimum wage.

96
Q

What is mincome?

A

An experiment in giving every individual a certain amount of cash regardless of income.

97
Q

What are the benefits of mincome?

A
  1. Better response to changing labour markets
  2. Less bureaucracy
  3. Less costly, more streamlined system
  4. Can empower recipients while providing work incentives
98
Q

What is class reductionism?

A

Attributing all forms of oppression to social class ignoring other factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, etc.

99
Q

What is a visible minority?

A

Person’s other than Aboriginal people, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.

100
Q

What is blackface?

A

Turning a non-black face darker for a costume.

101
Q

What are the problems with blackface?

A

Shows a lack of awareness and sensitivity, contributes to maintaining and normalizing anti-black racism and systematic oppression.

102
Q

Race is a _____.

A

Myth/social construction.

103
Q

What is race?

A

A social construct used to distinguish people in terms of one or more physical markers, usually with profound effects on their lives.

104
Q

What is an ethnic group?

A

A group composed of people whose perceived cultural markers are socially significant.

105
Q

What is culture?

A

A group’s heritage, language, religion, geography, and food, etc.

106
Q

What is racialization?

A

The process in which people are viewed and judged essentially different in terms of their intellect, morality, values, etc. because of their physical type or cultural heritage.

107
Q

What is the master narrative?

A

The story a nation tells about itself to celebrate its past and present.

108
Q

Master narratives tend to gloss over _____.

A

Certain unpleasant events that complicate national self identity.

109
Q

_____ is often ignored in the master narrative.

A

Racism.

110
Q

__% of Canadian history is Indigenous alone.

A

93.

111
Q

How long have black communities in Canada existed?

A

Since before 1779.

112
Q

Black people are the _____-largest visible minority in Canada.

A

Third.

113
Q

_____ of visible minority Canadians are Asian.

A

2/3rds.

114
Q

Asian Canadians haven’t always felt the same _____ of other minorities.

A

Barriers to success.

115
Q

A 1912 Saskatchewan law _____.

A

Prevented white girls from working in Asian-owned businesses.

116
Q

Japanese Canadians have been in Canada since the _____.

A

1870s.

117
Q

What is a head tax?

A

A rate of $200 that all Asian immigrants had to pay upon entering Canada.

118
Q

Having a racial dating preference means _____.

A

That our dating preferences have become racialized.

119
Q

What did preemptory dismissal mean for the Colten Boushie case?

A

There was an all-white jury.

120
Q

What are the two components of critical race theory?

A
  1. Racism is embedded in all cultural ideas and institutional practices that are commonly seen as appropriate and unbiased.
  2. Existing cultural ideas and institutional practices ensure the persistence of racism, even if people aren’t explicitly racist.
121
Q

How is racialization challenged?

A
  1. The Powley Test
  2. Recent Court Rulings
  3. Land Claim Agreements and Modern Treaties
  4. Urban Reserves
122
Q

What is racism?

A

The belief that certain groups of people are innately inferior to others based on their racial classification.

123
Q

What are the four linked elements of racism?

A
  1. Construction of certain groups as superior and inferior
  2. Prejudice
  3. Discrimination
  4. Most importantly, power, which is linked to hegemony
124
Q

What is racial bigotry?

A

Open, conscious expressions of racism.

125
Q

What is institutional racism?

A

Racist practices, rules, laws, etc. that have become part of systems.

126
Q

What is friendly racism?

A

Racism hidden behind smiles or words that seem friendly.

127
Q

What is white privilege?

A

A socio-political system that distributes power, privilege, and benefits unequally among groups in society.

128
Q

What is racial profiling?

A

Actions undertaken supposedly for reasons of safety or security based on racial stereotypes rather than reasonable suspicion to single out an individual for different treatment.

129
Q

How can we theorize ethnicity in terms of essentialism?

A

Every ethnic group is made up of standardized traits carried from the past to know with minimal change.

130
Q

How can we theorize ethnicity in terms of postcolonialism?

A

Analyze the effects of colonization on both the colonizer and the colonized.

131
Q

How can we theorize ethnicity in terms of epiphenomanlism?

A

Examine racism as a secondary effect of something, like class struggle for example.

132
Q

How can we theorize ethnicity in terms of instrumentalism?

A

Focus on emerging ethnicity rather than long-established characteristics.

133
Q

How can we theorize ethnicity in terms of social contructivism?

A

View ethnicity as artificial and socially constructed.

134
Q

Everett C. Hughes posited _____.

A

The Ethnic Division of Labour, with English holding positions of power over the French.

135
Q

John Porter posited _____.

A

The “Vertical Mosaic,” ranking Canada’s ethnic groups.

136
Q

What was W.E.B. Du Bois’ significance?

A

He was the first black sociologist and founded the NAACP.

137
Q

What was Daniel G. Hill’s significance?

A

He was the first black Canadian sociologist

138
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

Developed by Kimberle Crenshaw and Patricia Hill Collins, the way different social factors combine to shape the experience of the minoritized group.

139
Q

What did AOC say about sexism?

A

An entire structure of power supports it.

140
Q

What is sex?

A

Biological characteristics societies use to categorize people.

141
Q

What is gender?

A

The cultural meaning, social expectations, and normal behaviours attached to sex categories.

142
Q

What does Ann Oakley say about gender?

A

That it is a parallel and socially unequal division into femininity and masculinity.

143
Q

What is intersex?

A

A variety of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit the typical definitions of male and female.

144
Q

XXY movie portrays _____.

A

Klinefelter syndrome.

145
Q

What is sexuality?

A

Feelings of sexual desire and how they are expressed.

146
Q

What is LGBTQI2S?

A

A catch-all term for anyone who doesn’t identify as heterosexual and/or cisgender.

147
Q

What is transgender?

A

A person whose sex is inconsistent with their gender.

148
Q

What is gender identity?

A

The gender that a person feels themselves to be.

149
Q

What is queer theory?

A

A theory, posited by Judith Butler, that rejects the gender binary, saying that gender identity is related to gender performance on the gender continuum.

150
Q

What is two-spirit?

A

Those who identify with a gender role beyond the binary in Indigenous cultures.

151
Q

What is gender expression?

A

How we express our gender, influenced by social norms.

152
Q

What is a gender role?

A

A set of expectations concerning behaviours and attitudes that relate to being male or female.

153
Q

What is feminism?

A

bell hooks posits as a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression.

154
Q

What are Beatrice Kachuck’s four main streams of feminist social theories?

A
  1. Liberal feminism
  2. Essentialist feminism
  3. Socialist feminism
  4. Postmodern feminism
155
Q

Who was Harriet Martineau?

A

Lived 1802-1876, was a leading figure in the sociological consideration of gender.

156
Q

Who was Ann Marion MacLean?

A

Lived 1870-1934, the first Canadian woman to get a PhD in sociology, focused on working women.

157
Q

Who was Aileen Ross?

A

Lived 1902-2995, the first female sociologist in Canada, focused on participant observation in Montreal.

158
Q

Who was Helen Abell?

A

Lived 1917-2005, the founder of rural sociology in Canada, studied rural Ontario families and farm women’s contribution to agriculture.

159
Q

How is work gendered?

A

Certain jobs are more geared to one gender over the other.

160
Q

How can a job be feminized?

A

When it is dominated by women.

161
Q

_____ and _____ are also feminized

A

Poverty, the workplace.

162
Q

Women earn $__ to a man’s $1.

A

$0.87.

163
Q

What are Connell’s four performances of masculinity?

A
  1. Hegemonic masculinity
  2. Subordinate masculinity
  3. Marginalized masculinity
  4. Complicit masculinity
164
Q

_____ and _____ can reinforce gender bias.

A

Racial prejudice, discrimination.

165
Q

_____ was kidnapped, raped, and stabbed at age 19.

A

Indigenous woman Helen Betty Osborne.

166
Q

Indigenous women are viewed as having _____.

A

Easy symbolic access.

SOC 100 Introductory Sociology (2 decks)

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