Term 4 - Co-operation & conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony early 19th Century Flashcards
Importance of 1806
Britain takes over the Cape Colony from the VOC a 2nd and final time (because wat broke out between France and Holland again)
Importance of 1820
British Settlers on Eastern frontier to form a buffer against Xhosa raids
Importance of 1795
Britain took over the Cape from the VOC because they were scared the French would do so and ruin their roaring trade with the East
Importance of 1803
Britain handed the Cape back to Holland (because the Napoleonic wars were over)
When was the battle of Muizenberg?
1795 - lasted 6 weeks after Britain sent 9 warships to do fight against the VOC army
When was the battle of Blaauwberg?
1806 - lasted only a few days the British defeated the Dutch
What improvements did the British make in their new colony?
- Lower taxes than VOC
- Farmers sell produce to anyone
- Imported farming equipment
- Introduced new farming methods
- Water taps in Cape Town streets
- Newspapers and horse-racing
- Debating societies and cricket
The Free Burghers (Dutch) trekked not only North but also …?
East - They wanted to get away from the hot summers and cold winters and so found grazing between the Sundays and Fish rivers.
When did the 9 frontier wars start and why?
- 1780
- A fixed boundary was created and Xhosa farmers West of the boundary were told to move East of the boundary
Which towns developed on the frontier?
Swellendam
Graaff-Reinet
In which area was the nine frontier wars fought?
Suurveld (1779 - 1879 - 100 years) - between the Xhosas and the Trekboers
Which British governor sent troops to the Suurveld to drive out the Xhosas?
Sir John Cradock
Which Xhosa chief fought the British in the 6th Frontier war and was captured when he tried to negotiate for peace?
Hintsa in 1835
What was the end result of all the Frontier wars?
All the territory and inhabitants of the Eastern Cape came under British authority
Name the famous Xhosa chief who fought the British and ended up on Robben Island?
Chief Maqoma (please check your textbook Page 153 and study him as a case study. All the work is summed up there very neatly)
What is the Spanish word for “little war” and what is such a war?
- Guerilla
- Type of warfare in which small groups of soldiers make surprise attacks on their target and then move off quickly
How was the Cape Colony governed after 1806 when the British took over control?
- Colony divided into districts
- Districts governed by British officials
- Dutch chose own committees and magistrates
- Passed laws where European farmers needed to register their Khoi-khoi servants
True or false? The Khoi-khoi joined the British in a special regiment that went to fight the Xhosa in the frontier wars…
True (they were paid in alcohol, tobacco and salaries) - and they were very good
Why did the Dutch farmers form their own commandos?
To not give up owing slaves
Maybe also to protect themselves from Xhosa attacks
How many forts were built along the Fish river to watch the daily movements of the Xhosas?
11
Who was the Governor in the Eastern Cape from 1836-1838 who tried to negotiate peace through the so-called treaty system?
Andries Stockenström
Why did the British government set aside 50000 pounds to bring 4000 settlers to the eastern Cape?
- To give employment to some of the over 300000 unemployed soldiers after the end of the Napoleonic wars
- To give them farms to create a buffer against the Xhosa
Name some of the problems the British Settlers had on their farms
- Drought
- Diseases
- Floods
- Wild animals
- Xhosa raids
- lack of labour
- Long distances from towns
- Lack of transport
What did the British Settlers do after failing to farm?
They became teachers, lawyers, builders, shoe makers, carpenters and furniture makers in Grahamstown of Port Elizabeth
Who was Dr John Philip?
He was a SA missionary who asked the government to abolish slavery
When was slavery abolished in the Cape?
1834
What was Ordinance 50 all about?
A law that proclaimed:
- Khoi-khoi had equal rights to Europeans
- No pass laws
- Khoi-khoi could own land
- All slaves freed in 1834
What happened with the slaves after they were set free?
- An apprentice system (slaves worked u paid for owners for four years and then decide)
- Slaves with skills (building, wagon-making, cooking, sewing, carpentry) found work
- Many carried on working for their farm owners
Why were the slave owners furious about the abolition of slavery?
- Lost lots of money invested in slaves
- Now they had to carry extra expenses with salaries
- They did not accept the idea that the Khoi-khoi and freed slaves were equal to them
Who were the Inboekelinge?
Voortrekker servants treated like slaves in Transvaal between 1840-1870. The only got food and shelter and no pay and were not allowed to leave.
How were the inboekelinge caught?
African and European men kidnapped children during raids and traded them by putting them in wagons.
What work did the Inboekelinge do?
- Domestic labour
- Herdsmen
- Canal diggers for irrigation
- Constructors of dam and kraal walls
- Builders of Boer houses
What did the Trekboers do on the Northern frontier?
- Moved about finding grazing for the animals
- Sold hides of hunted wild animals to traders in Cape Town
Name the groups along the Orange river
Griquas Tswana Batlokwa Bataung Barolong
Name the groups in the North-East of SA
Tsonga
Venda
Pedi
Swazi
What things were traded?
Skins and ostrich feathers for building materials, tools, cooking pots and brandy
Of which Kingdom was Moshoeshoe the king?
Lesotho (where the Basotho lived) along the Caledon river
- They traded maize, wheat, sorghum and ponies for guns, iron and blankets
What became in great demand overseas and which led to larger groups of chiefdoms that controlled and protected the industry
Ivory
Why did the chiefs go on cattle raids which led to tensions and wars caused by the competition for trade?
The did not want to sell/ trade their own cattle
NB - Look at the table on P 162 in the textbook (and completed in the workbooks again)
Page 162 and workbook!
Why were guns important for trade?
- For hunting
- Cattle raids
- Protection from opponents
- Protection from wild animals
Why were there so many guns being traded?
Guns were important and there were thousands of guns available after the Napoleonic Wards ended
Who were the Kora?
A nomadic Khoi-khoi tribe named after the first chief (kora) and became cattle raiders of other tribes along the Orange River
Name a famous Kora leaders (who captured 300 of his own raiding men and handed them over to the Cape)?
Klaas Lukas
Who were the Griquas?
Mixed group of: - Runanway slaves - Trekboers - Khoi-khoi - Rebellious colonists (They moved inland to escape colonial rule)
Name two well-known Griqua Captains (leaders)
Adam Kok
Andries Waterboer
Where did the Griquas trade with other tribes?
Orange River
Why is there a Griqualand West (GW) and Griqualand East (GE)?
GW came first (Andries Waterboer gave the name)
The British took over GW in 1874 because there were diamonds
Then Adam Kok II led a group of Griquas to Natal and created GE (towns like Kokstad, Matatiele, Mount Currie)
Which group of chiefdoms built big stone-walled towns similar in size to Cape Town?
The Tswana (a part of the Sotho people)
The Tswana chiefs were powerful because:…
They controlled the trade in cattle, goats, sheep, grain, tobacco, furs, hides, skins, feathers, wood, metal and leather work, carved ivory, copper and pottery (wow that is a lot of stuff)!
From which countries (including from SA) did the Christian missionaries come to SA?
Britain, Scotland, Holland, Germany, France, America
What things did the missionaries do and teach in the 1800s?
- Built mission stations on the Cape frontier
- Convert people to Christianity
- Taught building churches, schools, clinics and houses
- Developed written forms of indigenous languages
- Reading and writing
- Translate the Bible and prayer books into local languages
Why were Missionaries disappointed with the result of their work?
- Africans did not embrace Western values and religion
- Africans did not want to change traditional:
+ Customs
+ Dress
+ Ancestral workship
+ Polygamy (having more that one wife)
Who were some of the first converts of the missionaries?
blind people lepers, cripples albinos (all driven out of their own societies) In 1800s drought and wars drove many to the mission stations
How many of the 400000 Xhosas in the Eastern Cape were living in mission statements in 1850?
16000 in 32 mission stations
What role did the Missionaries play in the expansion of trade of the Cape Colony Frontier?
The mission stations needed building materials, farm implements, furniture, bedding, clothes and lots of other household items
Which country did the missionary Robert Moffat come from?
Scotland
Where did he spend most of his missionary life?
Kuruman
Into which language did Moffat translate the Bible?
The Batswana language
