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11 Bio- Cells, Microbes and Immunity > Term 3 Test > Flashcards

Term 3 Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does a lysosome do?

A

destroys harmful bacteria engulfed by white blood cells. Helps to break down worn-out or damaged organelles. Helps to recycle materials within the cell.

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2
Q

What is a disease characterised as?

A

A disease is characterised by any change that negatively impacts the organism.

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3
Q

What are the 8 Characteristics that distinguish living things from non-living?

A

Waste and energy. All living things must: metabolise, respond to stimuli, grow, reproduce, perform homeostasis, move and have a source of food. Must be made of cells

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4
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food

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5
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that can produce it’s own food. Eg, plants and photosynthesis.

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6
Q

What are the principles of cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of cells, all cells are made from pre-existing cells, cells are the unit of life. All cells contain DNA.

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7
Q

What is prokaryote (simple)

A

Unicellular. Prokaryote think primitive.

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8
Q

What is Eukaryote (simple)

A

Multicellular.

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9
Q

What do prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have?

A

They both have cell membranes, nucleic acids, ribosomes and proteins.

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10
Q

What is distinct to a eukaryote.

A

A nuclueas to house DNA, membrane bound organelles.

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11
Q

What is the word equation for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + energy (ATP)

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12
Q

Prokaryote cells use ____ and Eukaryote cells use _____.

A

Prokaryotes use binary fission and eukaryote cells use mitosis.

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13
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water —> Glucose + Oxygen + Water

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14
Q

Features of the eukaryotic cell:

A

Cell membrane, cell wall, nucleaus, ribosomes, rough ER + smooth ER, golgi body, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Vesicles, lysosomes and vacuoles.

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15
Q

Main differences for prokaryotic cells.

A

No membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus, and significantly smaller. Usually have a singular chromosome.

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16
Q

How do cells reproduce.

A

They need to copy the genetic material and divide it to form two new daughter cells;.

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17
Q

Name the stages of Mitosis:

A

PMAT, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Interphase.

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18
Q

What happens in prophase.

A

Chromosomes coil together, appearing as sister chromatids. Centrioles move to poles of the cell. Nuclear membrane disapears.

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19
Q

What happens in metaphase.

A

‘Middle’. Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell-metaphase plate. Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres.

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20
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

‘apart’. Chromosomes seperate at the centromere, pulled by the spindle fibres.

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21
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Nucleoli and nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes. Chromosomes uncoil to form the chromatin.

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22
Q

Advantages of binary fission?

A

-rapid population increase in favourable conditions
-Only 1 parent is needed
Faster and more efficient, no mating needed.

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23
Q

Disadvantage of binary fission?

A

Does not lead to much genetic diversity within the population. Species may only be suited to a single habitat, disease could wipe out a whole species.

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24
Q

Which type of cells use binary fission to reproduce?

A

Prokaryotes

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25
Q

Steps of binary fission?

A

DNA replicates, DNA attaches to plasma membrane, DNA seperates and grows. Membrane starts to pinch and cell divides into 2 with each recieving half the cytoplasmic contents.

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26
Q

What is the function of the nucleaus

A

To hold and be the centre for the DNA (Genetic material). Instructions for the cell.

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27
Q

What is DNA called when not in condensed form?

A

Chromatin

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28
Q

How many chromosomes does each cell (human) have?

A

46 Chromosomes (23 pairs)

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29
Q

What does the nucleolis do?

A

Produce ribosomes.

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30
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance

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31
Q

Difference between rough er and smooth er.

A

Rough er has ribosomes attached to it.

32
Q

What does the er do.

A

Transports proteins and other materials. Passage way. Emerge from the ER in a vesicle.

33
Q

What is the purporse of the golgi body?

A

Golgi body recieves the vesicles from the ER, folds the proteins and customises them to be used by the cell.

34
Q

What is the role of the lysosome.

A

Lysosomes are like garbage collectors, Taking in damaged or worn out cell parts. Enzymes break down waste.

35
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria.

A

Powers the cell through cellular respiration. Makes ATP molecules.

36
Q

Classify plants as how the capture energy.

A

Photoautotrophic. Plants contain chloroplasts which contains chlorophyl.

37
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

38
Q

How permeable is the membrabne?

A

semi-permeable/selectively permeable. Allow some substaances in and some not.

39
Q

What molecules does the phospholipid bilayer allow across.

A

Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, ethanol.

40
Q

What requires a protein channel to move across the membrane?

A

Charged ions, large molecules such as glucose and carbohydrates.

41
Q

What is passive transport.

A

Passive transport moves with the concentration gradient. (no energy required)

42
Q

What is active transport?

A

Moves against the concentration gradient, (energy (atp) is required)

43
Q

What does diffusion mean?

A

Small uncharged substances moving from an area of high concentration to an area where they are in low concentration. Moves with the concentration gradient.

44
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is a special type of diffusion, where water moves from an area of high concentation to an area of low concentration.

45
Q

What does isotonic (in regards to osmosis) mean?

A

Same concentration of water inside and outside the cell.

46
Q

Hypertonic vs hypotonic (in regards to osmosis)

A

Hypotonic- lower concentration of water inside the cell. Hypertonic - higher concentration of water inside the cell.

47
Q

Where and when is endocytosis used?

A

used when items required by the cell are too big to cross the membrane, involves the rearrangement of the cell membrane forming a vesicle around the molecule. Solid = phagocytosis, liquid = pinocytosis

48
Q

Where and when is exocytosis used?

A

Used when items NOT required by the cell are too big to cross out of the cell membrane. Item is packaged in a vesicle at the ER/Golgi body and transported to the membrane.

49
Q

Requirements of the cell.

A

Energy
Oxygen
Water for homeostasis
Proteins
Carbohydrates
and fats
other inorganic materials. eg Na, Ca

50
Q

Cell wastes

A

Cells need to expel wastes to maintain homeostasis.
Inluding carbon dioxide, water, uric acid and lactic acid.

51
Q

Conditions required by microorgansims to grow:

A

pH, sufficient water/moisture, oxygen, energy

52
Q

Types of microorganisms.

A

Bacteria, fungi and protists.

53
Q

What is the role cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

This molecule plays an important role incontrolling the fluidity of the membrane.At high temperatures it reduces cell membrane fluidity, helping prevent damage to the cell membrane structure. At low temperatures it has the opposite effect, increasing cell membrane fluidity, and helping protect against freezing.

54
Q

What is an extrinsic protein?

A

Extrinsic proteins are attached to the outside of the cell membrane.

55
Q

What are intrinsic proteins?

A

Intrinsic proteins penetrate the phospholipid bilayer.

56
Q

What are the conditions required by microorganisms to grow?

A

Time, pH, Sufficient water, oxygen and energy.

57
Q

What is the ideal temperature for microorganisms to grow?

A

5-60 degrees celcius.

58
Q

Which organisms require the most water. (Order)

A

Bacteria require more than yeast. Yeast require more than moulds.

59
Q

Do all microorganisms need oxygen to grow>

A

No, some are anerobeic. However most microorganisms need oxygen to grow.

60
Q

Energy requirements for microorganisms to grow?

A

fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and photosynthesis.

61
Q

How does bacteria help our digestive system?

A

Enzymes released by bacterias in our gut help digest sugars. Intestinal bacteria help to destroy pathogens, microbes in our intestines are important for our immune system.

62
Q

How do bacteria help the recycling of essential nutrients?

A

Recycling is done by soil microorganisms, like decomposers (bacteria and fungi). Breaking down organic matter (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) back into inorganic matter. (inorganic elements)

63
Q

What are phytoplankton (basic)

A

Photosynthetic algae

64
Q

What are the oxygen producing characteristics of phytoplankton?

A

Phytoplankton are responsible for about 50% of the worlds oxygen. CO2 and sunlight produces oxygen and nutrients.

65
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

Recombinant DNA is where bacteria is used in genetic modification or genetic engineering. Instead of extracting DNA from larger organisms, it is used to make insulin, produce vaccines, produce human growth hormones.

66
Q

How long have humans used microorganisms for? Why?

A

10,000 years, for food production in alchohol, cheese, bread, dairy products (yoghurt/cheese).

67
Q

What is definition of food spoilage?

A

condition in which food becomes undesirable, or unsafe to eat.

68
Q

What are the causes of food spoilage?

A

Moulds in high acid foods, eg tomatoes, bacteria in low acid foods. Eg, milk.

69
Q

What are hygenic practices to prevent microbes growing in food?

A

Sanitising workstations and work benches, clean utensils and plates involved in food preperation.
Wash hands, don’t cough/sneezing. Clean clothing and hair net,

Refrigerate food, use by dates,

70
Q

What are food preservation techniques>

A

Remove water, by freezing, evaporating, dehydrating

Adding salt and pickling. Adding sugar.

Heat treatment.

Boiling and canning. Removing oxygen with packaging.

Adding acid or alcohol.

71
Q

Main difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs when no oxygen is present.

72
Q

Describe aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respration releases a lot of energy, it is a complete breakdown/oxidation of glucose molecules. Oxygen + glucose – > CO2 + H20 + Energy.
Gasses are exchanged.
Occurs in animals and mammals.

73
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration>

A

Anaerobic respiration in humans can occur in fight or flight mode. Or when the body does not have enough oxygen to produce energy. Glucose –> lactic acid + energy.

In plants and yeasts this process is called fermentation, glucose forms ethanol and carbon dioxide. Releasing energy.

74
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Glycoproteins are protein molecules with sugar attached. (Think glucose). Play a role in immune system recognising other cells and pathogens.

75
Q

Cholesterol’s role in animal cell membranes?

A

controlling the fluidity of the membrane.At high temperatures it reduces cell membrane fluidity, helping prevent damage to the cell membrane structure. At low temperatures it has the opposite effect, increasing cell membrane fluidity, and helping protect against freezing.

76
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

77
Q

What structure produces lysosome?

A

The Golgi Body produces lysosome.

11 Bio- Cells, Microbes and Immunity (3 decks)

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