Term 3 Flashcards
1789 - 1848
Romantic Era - As Wordsworth said, “(Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive…(”
1815 - 1914
the “Long Peace” in Europe between the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of WWI.
1815
The forces of conservatism and reaction dominate the Congress of Vienna where Metternich and others attempt to re-establish the ancien regime.
1776 - 1830
Era of Democratic Revolutions Sweep Across the New World and Western “Liberal” Europe.
This is the Era which ends the initial colonial establishments in Central and South America, for the most part.
1819
Peterloo Massacre in Britain and the repressive Carslbad Decrees in the German States are examples of government opposition to liberalism in the immediate aftermath of the 25 years of French Revolution and Napoleon.
1815-48
The Age of Metternich–Reactionary Repression
named after the conservative/ reactionary statesman Klemens von Metternich of the Austrian Hapsburg Empire
1820s
Both the conflict over the Monroe Doctrine and the Greek Revolution exposes the weakness inherent in any attempt at collective security. In this case, the Concert of Europe agreed to at the Congress of Vienna is splintered.
19th Century - Post-Napoleonic Europe
Industrial Revolution:
- Originally begins in England during the 18th century as a result of the enclosure movement. - Large number of peasants provide cheap labor for the new textile industrial revolution in England in 17th century.
- Most of Europe would begin to industrialize along the factory system
- Workers initially suffered under horrendous conditions, but experienced gradual improvements in standard of living beginning with the 2nd/Steel Industrial Revolution
1830 Revolutions in Europe
Charles X abrogates the Constitutional Charter and moves to crush the forces of liberalism; the July Revolution in France establishes Louis Philippe, “the bourgeois king”, on the throne of France and starts a series of revolutions across Europe.
1798 - 1848
Parson Malthus’s “Essay on Population” and David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages” rule the day as the “Manchester School” of economics dominates the “dismal science.”
1830s, 40s, 50s, 60s
Before George Orwell of the 1930’s, was the social critic and incredible author, Charles Dickens. From “Tale of Two Cities”, “Great Expectations”, “Oliver”, “Christmas Carol”, etc. Dickens was a voice of conscience for England during the Industrial Revolution in England.
1846
Repeal of Corn Laws in England.
This action is taken under the leadership of the Prime Minister Robert Peel (Peel Repeals) and marks the growth in power of the laissez-faire Liberal economic thinking of the industrial capitalists.
1815-46
Corn Laws in Effect
1832
Great Reform Bill in Britain is passed extending the franchise and redistricting of the “rotten boroughs” to give more representation to the growing industrial centers of Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, etc.
¶ 1838-48
Chartists in England call for universal suffrage
1848
Chartists disband quietly considering it was the year of Revolutions. This shows the evolutionary nature of English society.
¶ 1867
The Reform Bill of 1867 becomes law in England and the franchise is increased by 124%
1850s and beyond
Scramble for Africa
¶ 1884
Reform Bill
1848 (2)
Revolution sweeps across Europe and Failure of liberal nationalism.
1890s
Fabian Socialist and Evolutionary Socialists Parties grow
1848 (3)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish their Communist Manifesto calling for “scientific socialism” and “dialectical materialism”
June 28, 1914
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzigovina, Austrian-Hungarian Empire
killed by a member of the “Black Hand” Gavrilo Princip
July 1914
July diplomatic crisis;
- blank check,
- ultimatum,
- Russian mobilization,
- Schlieffen Plan,
- Belgian neutrality
August 1914
WW1 Begins - “Guns of August”
1915
Italy and Ottomans eenter the fray
1917
United States enters WW1
November 11, 1918
Armistice is signed ending the fighting on the Western Front
“on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month…”
1919
Versailles Peace Conference
1898
Battle of Omdurman in Sudan?
Britain’s “White Man’s Burden” or France’s “Civilizing Mission”
1898 (2)
The Fabian Socialists agitate and form the basis of the modern Labour Party in England.
¶ 1899 - 1902
Boer War in South Africa between Dutch settlers and British Army. Britain finally wins, but the high cost in human life demonstrates the costs of imperialism.
1903
Emmaline Pankhurst challenges the Victorian Era’s cult of domesticity by forming a suffragette campaign.
1904-05
Russo—Japanese War establishes Japan as a legitimate power and leads to calls for reform in Russia.
1905
“Bloody Sunday” the First Russian Revolution in Response to the Russo-Japanese Defeat
1912 and 1913
Balkans Wars shows the instability of the region known as the “powder keg” of Europe.
February 1917
Czar is overthrown and replaced by a provisional government.
November 1917
Provisional government under Kerensky toppled by Lenin and Trotsky and the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution.
1917-21
Civil War between the Reds and Whites in Russia.
¶ January 1919
Spartacist Revolt of German communists in Germany led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg is brutally crushed by the Weimar government with the help of the archconservative FreiKorps units.
1920
U.S. rejects the Versailles Treaty thus making the League of Nations rather impotent.
1922-28
The New Economic Policy was launched by Lenin (d. 1924) in the Soviet Union to help bring back prosperity to a nation devastated by eight years of WWI and the Civil War.
1922
Mussolini and his Black Shirts seize control of the Italian government proclaim “Fascismo” after their March on Rome.
1923
Occupation of the industrial Ruhr valley by French and Belgian troops (many of whom are colonial troops) in an attempt to gain German reparations.
1923 (2)
Munich Beer Hall Putsch fails, but Hitler gains national attention and writes Mein Kampf.
1924
Lenin dies. This begins the power struggle which Stalin eventually wins over Trotsky.
1928
First 5 Year Plan for heavy industry was launched by Stalin in the USSR
1929-30
Great Depression hits Europe
1933
Hitler is appointed Chancellor by the aging Hindenburg in Germany.
1935
Mussolini ordered the invasion of Ethiopia to “Avenge Adowa”.
1936
Germany reoccupies the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. The French do nothing.
1936 (2)
Leon Blum, a socialist, leads the Popular Front in France. This alliance of leftist parties works together to stop the rise of the French far right fascists led by a group known as Action Francaise
1936-39
Spanish Civil War. Franco leads Fascists to victory in Spain with the help of the Germans and Italians.
March 1938
Anschluss—German occupied Austria.
September 1938
Munich Conference demonstrates British and French Appeasement Policy. Germany gains the Czech Sudetenland without a fight.
November 9, 1938
Kristallnacht
November 9 (general)
“Destiny Day” in Germany (1918, 1938, 1989)
August 1939
Nazi/Soviet Pact between Hitler and Stalin is negotiated to establish how the dictators will divide Poland. This allows Hitler to not worry about fighting a two front war.
September 1, 1939
WWII begins with the invasion of Poland using “blitzkrieg” or lightning war tactics.
1940
Norway, Holland, Belgium, and even France are crushed. Britain stands alone against the mighty Germans. Churchill addresses the British people and makes his famous, “We Shall Never Surrender” speech.
1942
-The “Final Solution” of the Jewish Question was reached by Nazi leaders at the Gross Wannsee Conference. The elimination of all European Jews using the ghettos, railroads, and scientific death factories became the policy of the Nazis.
June 22, 1941
“Operation Barbarossa” is launched. The Nazis invade Russia and quickly penetrate deep into the Russian heartland.
Dec. 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor brings America into the war although FDR had been helping both the British and Russians through loans and American equipment. American economic capacity will prove critical in the war.
1942-43
The tide of war turns and the Allies go on the offensive. German forces are defeated in Africa and at Stalingrad. Japan is defeated at the Battle of Midway and at Guadalcanal.
June 6, 1944
D-Day is launched and the western Allies (Brits, Americans, Free French under De Gaulle, Canadians) breach the Atlantic Wall and head for Germany.
February 1945
The Yalta Conference between Churchill, Stalin, and FDR was held to discuss post-war Europe.
May 8, 1945
V-E (Victory in Europe) Day
mid-1945
Conservative Prime Minister Churchill is defeated by Labour Party Clement Attlee who begins to make demands for the creation of the welfare state.
1947-48
Marshall Plan
1946
George Kennan writes a 10,000 word memo outlining containment policy and Churchill makes his “Iron Curtain” speech.
1948
The Berlin Airlift leads to the creation of NATO and demonstrates containment policy and the hatred of the appeasement policy of the 1930’s.
1947
Truman Doctrine
¶ 1948 (2)
Czechoslovakia becomes communist after Jan Masaryk “falls” out of a window. The Soviet “satellite” system stronger in Eastern Europe as Stalin works to create dominance.
1947 (2)
India gained independence from Britain. The period of decolonization begins as the European powers can no longer support the colonial administrations or necessarily believe in the Social Darwinistic themes associated with imperialism.
1950s and 1960s
European Economic “miracle” in capitalistic Western Europe
1954
The Vietnamese rebels defeat the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. This ended French colonialism in the former French IndoChina.
1952
The Benelux countries create the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). This lays the groundwork for the larger European Union.
1955
Warsaw Pact is established to oppose NATO. This military alliance is dominated by Moscow.
1956
Khrushchev makes his six-hour long “secret speech” in front of the communist international (COMINTERN) which is highly critical of Stalin’s excesses.
1956 (2)
Imre Nagy, formerly labeled a Titoist, leads a movement in Hungary to become more independent from Moscow.
1957
Treaty of Rome establishes the European Union or European Economic Community
1958
The Algerian Crisis causes the French 4th Republic to crumble. DeGaulle returns from retirement to quell the army and to establish the 5th French Republic which has a stronger executive.
1961
Berlin Wall is erected.
1962
Cuban Missile Crisis.
1968
“Prague Spring” is crushed by Russian tanks under the order of Leonid Brezhnev and the Brezhnev Doctrine.
1964
Khrushchev is removed from power for his inability to satisfy hardline conservatives in the ruling military and party political machines
¶ 1973
Détente in the Cold War.
1979
Conservative Party leader Margaret Thatcher is elected Prime Minister of Britain and begins a Conservative Revolution against the welfare state and nationalization of industry.
¶ 1970s
stagflation
¶ 1970s (2)
bigtime terrorism in Europe
1979 (2)
The Soviet invaded Afghanistan ending Détente and bringing the U.S. boycott of the Summer Olympics.
1979 (3)
Solidarity Movement under Lech Walesa is launched. The irony of this situation is terrific. Within ten years, the Pope and the proletariat had overthrown Stalinism in Poland.
1979-89
Soviet disastrous invasion of Afghanistan causes Muslim community to launch a jihad against the ‘Godless” usurper. U.S. supplies “freedom fighting” mujahideen.
1985
Gorbachev is elected premier of the Soviet Union and begins his policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring of industry, law, and government).
1988-89
The Velvet Revolutions lead to the overthrow of communist government in Eastern Europe. The revolutions are generally non-violent, save Romania.
1990
Germany reunified
1991
Fall of the Soviet Union; Boris Yeltsin stops a coup by hardline conservative Soviet communists and Yeltsin establishes a democratic Russian state.
1994-95
Ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia.
1990s
Russians fight against the former Islamic Republic of Azerbaijan resulting in a nasty war. Chechnyan rebels are nasty and so are the Russians.
1990s (2)
former Soviet bloc countries begin to apply for membership in EU and in NATO
1990s (3)
Eastern European states struggle to convert to free market capitalism and democracy.
September 11, 2001
9/11 Attacks on the World Trade Center and US Pentagon
2008 - 2009
Great Recession
2009 - 2024
the thing harvey keeps yapping about
