Term 1 Flashcards
¶ 13th Century
Aristotle’s Children in Spain re-examine the works of Aristotle.
¶ 14th Century
Petrarch, “The Father of the Humanists”, defends secular humanism bringing about the split with medieval Europe and a return to the values of classical antiquity
1450
This course begins this year as Europe is evolving from medieval Europe to modern Europe.
14th Century - 1527
roughly the Italian Renaissance—Europe begins “modernization”—individualism, humanism, realism, secularism, skepticism.
¶ 1450 - 1789
Early modern Europe
¶ 1789 - Present
Modern Europe
¶ 1453-85
War of the Roses in England—Civil War in England—the Tudors arrive on the throne: Henry VIII, “Bloody Mary” and “The Virgin Queen” were all Tudors.
1452
Gutenberg publishes the Bible on a printing press–1st Printing press in the West. Along with the use of the vernacular, this makes literacy increase.
1453
Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks ends the Byzantine Empire and Moscow becomes the “3rd Rome ‘’ for Eastern Orthodox Christians
1469
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile begins the process of Spanish unification.
1492 (2)
”RECONQUISTA” or “reconquest” of Spain is completed by the Roman Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella who began the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain; beginning of Spanish policy of religious orthodoxy.
1492
Columbus sailed the ocean blue marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the New World during the Era of Exploration, Expansion and Exploitation.
1513
Machiavelli published The Prince, an illustrative example of realism and secularism in the Renaissance.
1516
Erasmus, “The Prince of Humanists”, an example of the Northern Christian Humanists publishes his Praise of Folly, which is critical of church abuses
¶ 1200 - 1700
Witchcraft craze in Europe as superstition and “fake news” is rampant during the Era of Religious Wars!!!!
1500s / 16th Century
Price Revolution were the inflationary pressures in Europe during this era.
¶ 1498
The great Roman Catholic zealot Savonarola is burned at the stake following his attempt to rid Florence of the excesses of Renaissance materialism. This is emblematic of the failure of the Latin Church to examine the abuses that had called the Church’s hierarchy and moral leadership into question.
1517
Protestant Reformation Begins as Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses.
1521 - 1648
Era of Religious Wars in Europe.
1524-26
German Peasants’ Revolt inspired by Protestant Reformation ends in failure as the princes/aristocrats reassert serfdom in the Holy Roman Empire.
1527
Sack of Rome is usually used to mark the “end” of the Italian Renaissance and the transfer of the center of Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.
1530s
Henry VIII of England is an example of the “New Monarchs” who take power away from the nobility by:
- centralizing taxation with the establishment of monarchical bureaucracies,
- monopolization of force within a nation,
- creation of Royal Courts.
1529
The Ottoman Turks lay siege to Vienna thereby distracting the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (remember the “repeating map”) from prosecuting his war against the rebellious Lutherans within his empire.
1492 - 1800
Slave trade increases dramatically as European demand for slaves in the New World plantations leads to the devestation of the African continent.
1517 - 1648
Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter Reformation:
1534
Protestantism comes to England as Henry VIII seeks a divorce and establishes a state controlled Church of England (a.k.a. Anglican Church)
1536
John Calvin begins working to reform the city of Geneva near the French border.
Calvinists would believe in predestination¸ the Eucharist being only symbolic, cleanliness and thrift, hard work, equality, and fear of God
1540
Loyola’s “Society of Jesus”, or Jesuits, is recognized as an integral part of the Catholic Reformation
1545-63
Council of Trent meets to decide how to reform the Catholic Church
1555
Peace of Augsburg ended the civil wars in Germany round I with the recognition of Lutheran Protestant Christianity but not Calvinist Protestant Christianity.
1546-55
Schmalkaldic Wars batter Germany
1556
The Hapsburg lands are split between Philip II of the Spanish Branch and Ferdinand I of the Austrian branch.
1553-58
“Bloody Mary’s” attempts to re-Catholicize England backfires when the burning of over three hundred Protestants proves to rather unpopular.
1567
Dutch Wars of Independence and Religion against Philip II.
1562-98
The French Civil Wars of Religion and Politics
1598
Edict of Nantes gives French Huguenots religious rights ending the French Wars of Religion as Henry IV, a politique, brings the Bourbons to the throne in France.
1588
The Spanish Armada Fails in Its Crusade Against Protestant Elizabethan England
1598 (2)
Philip II “The Most Catholic Monarch’’ of Spain dies.
1603
Stuarts Family Comes to Power in England and Begins a Century of Political and Religious Conflict
1628
The English Parliament passes the Petition of Right against the wishes of Charles I. This bill requires the respect of habeas corpus rights, due process of law, and parliamentary control of taxation.
1639-46
English Civil War round I erupts
1648-58
Puritanical Protestant Oliver Cromwell rules over the “Commonwealth Period” in English history.
1649
Charles I is executed.
¶ 1649 (2)
A group of English Radicals called Levelers demand equal suffrage. This will have to wait until after WWI in England.
1651
Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan in opposition to the English Civil War and supporting SECULAR ABSOLUTISM
1660-88
Stuart Restoration in England.
1660
The English public tires of Puritan rule and the Stuarts are restored to the throne.
1688, 89
Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights;
1688
John Locke publishes his Second Treatise on Government,
1618
Defenestration of Prague Begins Round Two of Religious and Civil War in HRE
1648
Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War
1598 - 1661
17th century France following the Edict of Nantes
1650s
Cardinal Mazarin who ruthlessly employs “divide and conquer” methods against the rebellious nobility quells The French Fronde, or rebellion against the authority of the King.
1661 - 1715
Louis XIV assumes personal direction of his affairs and begins his reign as the “Sun King”.
1543
Copernicus challenges the Aristotelian view of the universe.
1642
Galileo dies and Newton is born indicating the growing and evolving Scientific Revolution.
17th Century
Known as the Century of Genius as Bacon, Descartes lead the path toward a greater understanding of the universe—Scientific Revolution—let us not forget Pascal who worried about science without ethics.
1687
Newton publishes “Principia”—proving heliocentric theory using calculus.
¶ 17th Century 1652
The master artist Rembrandt of Holland is symbolic of the glory days of the Dutch state when he depicts the glories of Dutch culture in his painting recognizable by their sharp contrast between light and dark.
1650 - 1700
Golden Age of Holland and Sweden
1492 - mid 19th century
Slave trade makes many a Christian extremely wealthy.
1683
Ottoman Turks laid siege to Vienna before Leopold I, Habsburg ruler begins to push the Turks back through the Danube River basin marks the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans Peninsula.
1450-1650 and beyond
The Commercial Revolution
1689 - 1789
The Era of Enlightenment or Age of Reason;
1776
Adam Smith publishes Wealth of Nations
1712-78
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1689
English Bill of Rights
1701-13
Wars of Spanish Succession
1713
Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession benefits the English, Prussians, and other members of the Grand Alliance opposing the “Sun King.”
¶ Early 18th Century in England
Walpole becomes leader of government as de facto Prime Minister as England develops Party Politics
1698 - 1725
Peter the Great Begins Westernization of Russia.
1700-21
Great Northern War between Swedes and Russia ends with Russian expansion and emergence as the Great Baltic power.
1713
The Pragmatic Sanction is signed.
1740
Frederick the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria come to their respective Hohenzollern and Habsburg thrones and begin German dualisms duel.
1740-48
War of Austrian Succession between Frederick’s Prussia and Maria Theresa’s Austria begins.
¶ 18th Century
Rococo Art and Mozart
1756
Diplomatic Revolution
1756-63
The Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War in North America) is fought showing colonial rivalries.
1780-90
Reign of Josef II of Austria
