Term 2 - theme 1 (3)

Question 1

DEFRA, (2005:25)

Answer 1

‘We all governments, businesses, families and communities, the public sector, voluntary and community organisations need to make different choices if we are to achieve the vision of sustainable development”

Question 2

Scammell, (2000:35)

Answer 2

“The act of increasing consumption is becoming increasingly suffused with citizenship charcteristics and considerations. Citizenship is not dead, or dying, but found in new places”.

Question 3

Owens, S (2000) - Policy approaches to communication

Answer 3

Rationales for public engagement fall broadly into two categories. The first falls the lament that lay people are ignorant of environmental science and irrational in their response to risk - the public must be engaged. The other myht - if people had more information about, and better understanding of environmental risks, they would become more virtuous or at least accept with better grace.

Question 4

Thompson and Rayner (1998:151); Balkely (1999)

Answer 4

“There is a moral bias to the perception, a great feeling that ‘anthropogenic environmental changes result from human behaviour that is not ‘right’”

Question 5

Blake,1999a;199b; Barkeley, 1999).

Answer 5

People do not engage in environmentally friedly behaviour due to the belief that individuals have neither the prime responsibility to take action nor the agency to have an effect.

Question 6

The information fallacy

Answer 6

Promoting engagement in a new activity, such as walking or biking is complex. An array of barriers to these activities exist, such as concerns over time, safety, weather and convenience.

Question 7

Social-psychological barriers for change - Lorenzoni et al (2007)

Answer 7

Lack of knowledge, uncertainty + scepticism, distrust in information sources, ‘drop in the ocea’ feeling, lack of political action, lack of alternatives.

Question 8

Policy programmes - Thaler and Sunstein, (2008:8)

Answer 8

Any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a predictable way without forbidding any option. To count as a mere nudge, the intervention must be easy and cheap to avoid.

Question 9

Policy programmes - DEFRA, (2008:3)

Answer 9

The ultimate aim is to protect and improve the environment by increasing the contribution from individual and community action, coming in particular from moving towards more sustainable patterns of consumption.

Question 10

Sociological Approaches - Shove, E (2003)

Answer 10

Interest in energy and water consumption is critical to the environmental field. There is an understanding of the basic ‘needs’ and variable ‘wants’ and of standards of living that might be compatible with a sustainable future.

Question 11

Co-producing resilience for climate change

Answer 11

Risk levels are changing due to climate change. The challenge of engaging communication with climate change.

Question 12

Whatmore, J (2009)

Answer 12

In this climate, social scientists havefoudn their expertise subordinated wither to the service of science and/or what the ‘public’ thinks.