Term 2 test Ch 6 Flashcards
2 leading causes of death in Canada?
Cancer 28%
Heart Disease 19%
Illness and early death could be substantially reduced if people would adopt ____
lifestyles that promote wellness
health behaviours definition
activities to maintain/improve health or prevent disease
*regardless of health status/whether activity actually improves health
well behavior
activity that maintains/improves current good health and avoid illness
well behaviour examples
diet, exercise, getting vaccinated
symptom-based behaviour
any behaviour we do when feeling unwell
how people respond to illness
symptom based behaviour examples
complaining about symptoms, seeking advice
sick role behaviour
- activity taken to adjust to a health problem
- expectations/responsibilities adopted by a sick person + imposed beliefs on others
Alameda County Study (1965-1999)
Link btwn lifestyle and health
7 risk factors/health habits associated with poor physical health and increased mortality in Alameda County study
- Smoking cigarettes- amplifies effect of other substances
- Excessive alcohol
- Obesity
- Physically inactive
- Eating between meals
- Not eating breakfast
- Sleeping < 7-8 hours/night
Top 3 risk factors in USA Health and retirement study (1992-2014)
- Current smoker
- Hx divorce
- Hx alcohol abuse
- Recent financial difficulties
- Hx unemployment
- Hx smoking
- Lower life satisfaction
- Never married
- Hx food stamps
- Negative affect
Findings of the PURE study (prospective urban rural epidemiology)
Higher total mortality is associated with higher carbohydrate intake and lower total fat intake
Sugar correlated to increased cancer + decreased intake of complex carbs/fiber= increased cardio disease
Pro-inflammatory effect of processed carbs
Increased fruit/vegetables/legume consumption is associated with a lower risk of mortality
Higher risk of IBD with ultra-processed food
Main issue with the PURE study?
Difficult to research due to confounding factors eg. can’t control diet
Primary prevention
actions taken to avoid disease or injury
*person currently does NOT have a disease
Can be undertaken by either individual or society
Health promotion initiatives
providing information on how to stay healthy
health promotion initiatives are aimed at ____ prevention
primary
secondary prevention
identify/treating an illness early with the aim of stopping or reversing the problem
*person already has the disease
primary prevention examples
exercise
seatbelt wearing
flossing
immunizations/vaccines
handwashing
physical distancing
mask wearing
secondary prevention examples
medical exams
cancer screening follow-ups
seeking medical care for pain
sick role behavior of taking meds
treating flu
Learning Objectives: Define health behaviours
Activities taken to maintain/improve health, regardless of health status
Well behaviour
Symptom-based behaviour
Sick role behaviour
Learning Objectives: examples of health-compromising behaviors
Alameda County study:
7 risk factors/health habits associated with poor physical health/increased mortality (premature death)
- smoking
- excessive alcohol
- obesity
- physically inactive
- unhealthy snacking
- skipping breakfast
- not enough sleep
USA Health and retirement study: factors associated w/death
1. Smoking
2. Hx divorce
3. Hx alcohol abuse
4. recent financial difficulties
5. Hx unemployment
6. Hx smoking
7. lower life satisfaction
8. Never married
9. Hx food stamps
10. Negative affect
PURE study (ongoing) Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology
- High carbs/Low fat diet associated w/ higher mortality
- Low-carb diets also associated with lower life expectancy
- Only bad fat is trans fat
- Increased fruit/veg/legume diet associated with lower mortality
- higher intake of ultra-processed foods associated with IBD
Learning Objectives:
Factors in health behaviors: problems
eg. learning/personality, less rational processes, psychological factors: empathy and antisocial traits
Factors within the individual include:
- attitudes, perceptions, difficulties changing habits, lack of resources, low self-efficacy (the belief that we can succeed)
Interpersonal factors
- social support, conflicts among behaviors in family systems, disruptions to behavior
Health belief model
-Threat/perceived risk
(belief in health threat)
-cues to action from a physician
+ —> likelihood of
-pros/cons health behavior
Cognitive adaptation theory
not fully accepting physiological risk can result in better coping with risk
ie. optimal optimism encourages compliance
eg. 1992 study of men w/HIV found that HIV positive men who inaccurately, but optimistically believed they could halt the progression of AIDS practiced better health habits than those who were pessimistic
Health belief model applied to flu vaccine
-I haven’t had the flu shot which puts me at risk of getting sick from the flu
-cues to action from a physician
+ -
-I believe the shot works. I don’t believe the flu shot can give you the flu
–> likelihood of getting flu vaccine
Theory of planned behavior
ASN PBC
health behavior is the direct result of behavioral intentions influenced by 3 key factors:
- Attitude regarding the behavior (judging whether it’s good/bad)
- Subjective norm
- Perceived behavioral control //self-efficacy: belief of being able to achieve a goal
Theory of planned behavior applied to HPV vaccine
- Attitude: believing vaccine is safe
- Subjective norm: parents/friends support the vaccine
- Perceived control: Belief vaccine is effective; belief that parents would allow vaccination
–> intention to get vaccine
–>: Get HPV vaccine
Subjective norms: Charlie Sheen
He disclosed his HIV status in 2015
This led to an increase in online searches about HIV testing
Subjective norms: Donald Trump
NY poison control received higher than normal calls when Trump mentioned injecting bleach as a covid treatment
Transtheoretical model (stages of change model)
It may not be possible to change all at once, so work through the 5 stages of change:
- Precontemplation: no intention to change
- Contemplation: aware of need to change
- Preparation: Ready to change, plan for future
- Action: Actual start
- Maintenance: Maintain new behavior/avoid relapse
Transtheoretical model applied to HPV vaccine
- Precontemplation: No intention to start/finish vaccine series
- Contemplation: Planned start in 6 months
- Preparation: Planned doctors visit
- Action: Report finishing the vaccine series
*no maintenance stage b/c no relapse stage
Most important consideration of transtheoretical model
tailor the model to the patient, make it relevant
3 things that can help advance the transtheoretical model
- Provide relevant health risk info
- Describe steps to carry out change
- match strategies to the person’s current needs to promote advancement to next stage/ discuss perceived barriers in contemplation
- contingency plan eg. cravings/lapses/relapses
Motivated reasoning
- emotionally biased reasoning intended to produce justifications or make decisions most desired rather than those that reflect evidence
- patient searches for reasons to accept supportive information + discount unsupporting info (denial)
this is one way people maintain unhealthy behaviors + resist adopting healthy ones
conflict theory
stress due to conflict about what to do when people are faced with health-related decisions
3 factors influencing how someone deals with stress in conflict theory
- risk
- hope
- adequate time
Hypervigilence:
levels of risk/hope/adequate time
high risk/ low hope/ low adequate time
–> irrational behavior
Vigilance: levels of risk/hope/adequate time
high risk/ high hope/ high adequate time
–> more rational behaviour
What are the 4 targeted emotional drivers most effective in driving behavioral change in the SuperAmma Handwashing campaign?
- DIsgust
- Nurture
- Affiliation (desire to fit in)
- Status (desire to have greater access to resources than others)
6 months after the SuperAmma campaign was rolled out, rates of handwashing increased by ___%
31%
Empathic responding in uptake of health precautions during Covid-19 (findings)
X-axis: perceived threat
Y axis: preventative behavior
At low perceived threat: empathy matters most
At high perceived threat: people are motivated to act in their own interest and increase their own preventative behaviour
Empathy and perspective-taking have been shown to reduce (3)
- prejudice
- stereotyping
- interpersonal aggression
Empathetic responding may mitigate _____
negative social consequences of pandemics (racism, discrimination, othering)
Describe antisocial traits
- socially disruptive traits (NOT social anxiety)
- violating rights of others
- cheating
- lying
- exploiting
- using a person as a means to an end
- low empathy
- high callousness
- deceitfulness
- risk taking
- directly associated with lower compliance of disease containment measures
narcissism
Superiority
Entitlement
Attention seeking
Self-esteem (low)
Invulnerable
- resist public order and instruction
- unable to accept friendly suggestion
Apply health belief model and theory of planned behaviour
Gender role expectations correlated to __, eating more ___, and higher cardiovascular disease
a fragile sense of identity
red meat
messages focusing on ___ were more effective than ___ or _____ in motivating mask wearing
community
you; your country
Name psychological factors in vaccine resistance and hesitancy
- mistrust in the medical community
- Perceived dangers of vaccines
- Conspirational thinking
- eg. truck protestors claiming patients in ambulances were actors - Disgust towards blood/needles
- Preferring alternative meds
- religiousness as knowledge
- Low agreeableness; low conscientiousness
- low sense of purpose
- high individualism/narcissism; low altruism
- wanting to get ahead
- thinking you know better than experts in virology/immunology - reactance
- low tolerance for infringements on personal freedoms
- subjective norms- trusting Jenny Mccaarthy
- poor risk assessment ability (vaccine vs not doing anything since we have no context for complications when we catch the disease)
Learning Objectives: examples of health-enhancing behaviors
Primary prevention: Avoid disease/injury
eg. exercise, seatbelt, flossing, vaccines, handwashing, physical distancing, mask-wearing
*health promotion initiatives (info about how to stay healthy) aimed at Primary prevention
Secondary prevention: ID/Treat to overcome disease
eg. medical exams, cancer screening, sick role behavior of taking meds, treating flu, seeking medical care for pain
Tertiary prevention: No cure. Just trying to rehabilitate, contain/slow damage to prevent disability
eg. physical therapy for arthritis, meds for pain, palliative care for terminal cancer
Health behavior has a high _________, but _______ also plays a significant role
degree of heritability
learning
operant conditioning
behaviour changes due to consequences
reinforcement
pleasant consequences increase tendency to repeat that behaviour
extinction
if consequences ht maintain a behaviour are eliminated, the response tendency gradually weakens
punishment
behaviour brings an unwanted consequence, causing behaviour to be supressed
Modeling
learning by observing others
classical conditioning
over time, a stimulus –> becomes a cue/trigger –> comes to elicit a response through association with an unconditioned stimulus
___ is the only behavioural addiction included under substance use
gambling
conscientiousness is associated with
increased healthy behaviors
decreased problematic behaviours
6 months after the SuperAmma campaign was rolled out, rates of handwashing increased by ___%
31%
Dunning-Kreuger effect
Cognitive bias
Someone with limited competence in a given intellectual/social domain greatly overestimates their own knowledge/competence
___ is associated with Anti-vaxx attitudes. It is highest with the ___est levels of knowledge related to vaccines and diseases
overconfidence
lowest
overconfidence is associated with increased support of ____ views in policy decisions
non-expert
misinformation vs disinformation
misinformation is inaccurate/incomplete
disinformation is with the intention to manipulate
weaponized health communication
twitter bots and trolls amplify vaccine debate as content polluters
just needs to be enough to stir up doubt
–> erodes public trust in vaccination
___ rather than __ works best to change attitudes about vaccines
- information about disease threat
- debunking vaccine myths
backfire effect
cognitive bias
when people encounter evidence that challenges their beliefs, they reject that evidence and STRENGTHEN their original stance
- especially in people with high IQ
