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PSYC 314 > Term 2 test Ch 6 > Flashcards

Term 2 test Ch 6 Flashcards

1
Q

2 leading causes of death in Canada?

A

Cancer 28%
Heart Disease 19%

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2
Q

Illness and early death could be substantially reduced if people would adopt ____

A

lifestyles that promote wellness

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3
Q

health behaviours definition

A

activities to maintain/improve health or prevent disease
*regardless of health status/whether activity actually improves health

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4
Q

well behavior

A

activity that maintains/improves current good health and avoid illness

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5
Q

well behaviour examples

A

diet, exercise, getting vaccinated

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6
Q

symptom-based behaviour

A

any behaviour we do when feeling unwell
how people respond to illness

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7
Q

symptom based behaviour examples

A

complaining about symptoms, seeking advice

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8
Q

sick role behaviour

A
  • activity taken to adjust to a health problem
  • expectations/responsibilities adopted by a sick person + imposed beliefs on others
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9
Q

Alameda County Study (1965-1999)

A

Link btwn lifestyle and health

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10
Q

7 risk factors/health habits associated with poor physical health and increased mortality in Alameda County study

A
  1. Smoking cigarettes- amplifies effect of other substances
  2. Excessive alcohol
  3. Obesity
  4. Physically inactive
  5. Eating between meals
  6. Not eating breakfast
  7. Sleeping < 7-8 hours/night
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11
Q

Top 3 risk factors in USA Health and retirement study (1992-2014)

A
  1. Current smoker
  2. Hx divorce
  3. Hx alcohol abuse
  4. Recent financial difficulties
  5. Hx unemployment
  6. Hx smoking
  7. Lower life satisfaction
  8. Never married
  9. Hx food stamps
  10. Negative affect
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12
Q

Findings of the PURE study (prospective urban rural epidemiology)

A

Higher total mortality is associated with higher carbohydrate intake and lower total fat intake

Sugar correlated to increased cancer + decreased intake of complex carbs/fiber= increased cardio disease

Pro-inflammatory effect of processed carbs

Increased fruit/vegetables/legume consumption is associated with a lower risk of mortality

Higher risk of IBD with ultra-processed food

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13
Q

Main issue with the PURE study?

A

Difficult to research due to confounding factors eg. can’t control diet

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14
Q

Primary prevention

A

actions taken to avoid disease or injury
*person currently does NOT have a disease

Can be undertaken by either individual or society

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15
Q

Health promotion initiatives

A

providing information on how to stay healthy

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16
Q

health promotion initiatives are aimed at ____ prevention

A

primary

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17
Q

secondary prevention

A

identify/treating an illness early with the aim of stopping or reversing the problem

*person already has the disease

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18
Q

primary prevention examples

A

exercise
seatbelt wearing
flossing
immunizations/vaccines
handwashing
physical distancing
mask wearing

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19
Q

secondary prevention examples

A

medical exams
cancer screening follow-ups
seeking medical care for pain
sick role behavior of taking meds
treating flu

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20
Q

Learning Objectives: Define health behaviours

A

Activities taken to maintain/improve health, regardless of health status

Well behaviour
Symptom-based behaviour
Sick role behaviour

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21
Q

Learning Objectives: examples of health-compromising behaviors

A

Alameda County study:
7 risk factors/health habits associated with poor physical health/increased mortality (premature death)

  1. smoking
  2. excessive alcohol
  3. obesity
  4. physically inactive
  5. unhealthy snacking
  6. skipping breakfast
  7. not enough sleep

USA Health and retirement study: factors associated w/death
1. Smoking
2. Hx divorce
3. Hx alcohol abuse
4. recent financial difficulties
5. Hx unemployment
6. Hx smoking
7. lower life satisfaction
8. Never married
9. Hx food stamps
10. Negative affect

PURE study (ongoing) Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology
- High carbs/Low fat diet associated w/ higher mortality
- Low-carb diets also associated with lower life expectancy
- Only bad fat is trans fat
- Increased fruit/veg/legume diet associated with lower mortality
- higher intake of ultra-processed foods associated with IBD

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22
Q

Learning Objectives:
Factors in health behaviors: problems

eg. learning/personality, less rational processes, psychological factors: empathy and antisocial traits

A

Factors within the individual include:
- attitudes, perceptions, difficulties changing habits, lack of resources, low self-efficacy (the belief that we can succeed)

Interpersonal factors
- social support, conflicts among behaviors in family systems, disruptions to behavior

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23
Q

Health belief model

A

-Threat/perceived risk
(belief in health threat)
-cues to action from a physician
+ —> likelihood of
-pros/cons health behavior

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24
Q

Cognitive adaptation theory

A

not fully accepting physiological risk can result in better coping with risk

ie. optimal optimism encourages compliance

eg. 1992 study of men w/HIV found that HIV positive men who inaccurately, but optimistically believed they could halt the progression of AIDS practiced better health habits than those who were pessimistic

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25
Q

Health belief model applied to flu vaccine

A

-I haven’t had the flu shot which puts me at risk of getting sick from the flu
-cues to action from a physician
+ -
-I believe the shot works. I don’t believe the flu shot can give you the flu

–> likelihood of getting flu vaccine

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26
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

ASN PBC

health behavior is the direct result of behavioral intentions influenced by 3 key factors:

  1. Attitude regarding the behavior (judging whether it’s good/bad)
  2. Subjective norm
  3. Perceived behavioral control //self-efficacy: belief of being able to achieve a goal
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27
Q

Theory of planned behavior applied to HPV vaccine

A
  • Attitude: believing vaccine is safe
  • Subjective norm: parents/friends support the vaccine
  • Perceived control: Belief vaccine is effective; belief that parents would allow vaccination

–> intention to get vaccine
–>: Get HPV vaccine

28
Q

Subjective norms: Charlie Sheen

A

He disclosed his HIV status in 2015
This led to an increase in online searches about HIV testing

29
Q

Subjective norms: Donald Trump

A

NY poison control received higher than normal calls when Trump mentioned injecting bleach as a covid treatment

30
Q

Transtheoretical model (stages of change model)

A

It may not be possible to change all at once, so work through the 5 stages of change:

  1. Precontemplation: no intention to change
  2. Contemplation: aware of need to change
  3. Preparation: Ready to change, plan for future
  4. Action: Actual start
  5. Maintenance: Maintain new behavior/avoid relapse
31
Q

Transtheoretical model applied to HPV vaccine

A
  1. Precontemplation: No intention to start/finish vaccine series
  2. Contemplation: Planned start in 6 months
  3. Preparation: Planned doctors visit
  4. Action: Report finishing the vaccine series

*no maintenance stage b/c no relapse stage

32
Q

Most important consideration of transtheoretical model

A

tailor the model to the patient, make it relevant

33
Q

3 things that can help advance the transtheoretical model

A
  1. Provide relevant health risk info
  2. Describe steps to carry out change
  3. match strategies to the person’s current needs to promote advancement to next stage/ discuss perceived barriers in contemplation
  4. contingency plan eg. cravings/lapses/relapses
34
Q

Motivated reasoning

A
  • emotionally biased reasoning intended to produce justifications or make decisions most desired rather than those that reflect evidence
  • patient searches for reasons to accept supportive information + discount unsupporting info (denial)

this is one way people maintain unhealthy behaviors + resist adopting healthy ones

35
Q

conflict theory

A

stress due to conflict about what to do when people are faced with health-related decisions

36
Q

3 factors influencing how someone deals with stress in conflict theory

A
  1. risk
  2. hope
  3. adequate time
37
Q

Hypervigilence:
levels of risk/hope/adequate time

A

high risk/ low hope/ low adequate time
–> irrational behavior

38
Q

Vigilance: levels of risk/hope/adequate time

A

high risk/ high hope/ high adequate time
–> more rational behaviour

39
Q

What are the 4 targeted emotional drivers most effective in driving behavioral change in the SuperAmma Handwashing campaign?

A
  1. DIsgust
  2. Nurture
  3. Affiliation (desire to fit in)
  4. Status (desire to have greater access to resources than others)
40
Q

6 months after the SuperAmma campaign was rolled out, rates of handwashing increased by ___%

A

31%

41
Q

Empathic responding in uptake of health precautions during Covid-19 (findings)

A

X-axis: perceived threat
Y axis: preventative behavior

At low perceived threat: empathy matters most
At high perceived threat: people are motivated to act in their own interest and increase their own preventative behaviour

42
Q

Empathy and perspective-taking have been shown to reduce (3)

A
  1. prejudice
  2. stereotyping
  3. interpersonal aggression
43
Q

Empathetic responding may mitigate _____

A

negative social consequences of pandemics (racism, discrimination, othering)

44
Q

Describe antisocial traits

A
  • socially disruptive traits (NOT social anxiety)
  • violating rights of others
  • cheating
  • lying
  • exploiting
  • using a person as a means to an end
  • low empathy
  • high callousness
  • deceitfulness
  • risk taking
  • directly associated with lower compliance of disease containment measures
45
Q

narcissism

A

Superiority
Entitlement
Attention seeking

Self-esteem (low)
Invulnerable

  • resist public order and instruction
  • unable to accept friendly suggestion
46
Q

Apply health belief model and theory of planned behaviour

A
47
Q

Gender role expectations correlated to __, eating more ___, and higher cardiovascular disease

A

a fragile sense of identity
red meat

48
Q

messages focusing on ___ were more effective than ___ or _____ in motivating mask wearing

A

community
you; your country

49
Q

Name psychological factors in vaccine resistance and hesitancy

A
  1. mistrust in the medical community
  2. Perceived dangers of vaccines
  3. Conspirational thinking
    - eg. truck protestors claiming patients in ambulances were actors
  4. Disgust towards blood/needles
  5. Preferring alternative meds
  6. religiousness as knowledge
  7. Low agreeableness; low conscientiousness
  8. low sense of purpose
  9. high individualism/narcissism; low altruism
    - wanting to get ahead
    - thinking you know better than experts in virology/immunology
  10. reactance
    - low tolerance for infringements on personal freedoms
  • subjective norms- trusting Jenny Mccaarthy
  • poor risk assessment ability (vaccine vs not doing anything since we have no context for complications when we catch the disease)
50
Q

Learning Objectives: examples of health-enhancing behaviors

A

Primary prevention: Avoid disease/injury
eg. exercise, seatbelt, flossing, vaccines, handwashing, physical distancing, mask-wearing

*health promotion initiatives (info about how to stay healthy) aimed at Primary prevention

Secondary prevention: ID/Treat to overcome disease
eg. medical exams, cancer screening, sick role behavior of taking meds, treating flu, seeking medical care for pain

Tertiary prevention: No cure. Just trying to rehabilitate, contain/slow damage to prevent disability
eg. physical therapy for arthritis, meds for pain, palliative care for terminal cancer

51
Q

Health behavior has a high _________, but _______ also plays a significant role

A

degree of heritability
learning

52
Q

operant conditioning

A

behaviour changes due to consequences

53
Q

reinforcement

A

pleasant consequences increase tendency to repeat that behaviour

54
Q

extinction

A

if consequences ht maintain a behaviour are eliminated, the response tendency gradually weakens

55
Q

punishment

A

behaviour brings an unwanted consequence, causing behaviour to be supressed

56
Q

Modeling

A

learning by observing others

57
Q

classical conditioning

A

over time, a stimulus –> becomes a cue/trigger –> comes to elicit a response through association with an unconditioned stimulus

58
Q

___ is the only behavioural addiction included under substance use

A

gambling

59
Q

conscientiousness is associated with

A

increased healthy behaviors
decreased problematic behaviours

60
Q

6 months after the SuperAmma campaign was rolled out, rates of handwashing increased by ___%

A

31%

61
Q

Dunning-Kreuger effect

A

Cognitive bias
Someone with limited competence in a given intellectual/social domain greatly overestimates their own knowledge/competence

62
Q

___ is associated with Anti-vaxx attitudes. It is highest with the ___est levels of knowledge related to vaccines and diseases

A

overconfidence
lowest

63
Q

overconfidence is associated with increased support of ____ views in policy decisions

A

non-expert

64
Q

misinformation vs disinformation

A

misinformation is inaccurate/incomplete

disinformation is with the intention to manipulate

65
Q

weaponized health communication

A

twitter bots and trolls amplify vaccine debate as content polluters

just needs to be enough to stir up doubt

–> erodes public trust in vaccination

66
Q

___ rather than __ works best to change attitudes about vaccines

A
  1. information about disease threat
  2. debunking vaccine myths
67
Q

backfire effect

A

cognitive bias
when people encounter evidence that challenges their beliefs, they reject that evidence and STRENGTHEN their original stance

  • especially in people with high IQ

PSYC 314 (2 decks)

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