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Biology - Year 11 Yearly > Term 2 - Module 2: Organisation of Living Things > Flashcards

Term 2 - Module 2: Organisation of Living Things Flashcards

Year 11 Biology Module 2

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of unicellular organisms?

A
  • The one cell must carry out all functions (obtaining nutrients, removal of waste etc) to survive. This is completed within the cell.
  • Size of the cell is limited due to the S:D ratio
  • Short lifespan
  • Whole organism is involved in reproduction (asexual)
  • Mostly prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
  • Can live together in groups however each cell is able to survive independently
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of multicellular organisms?

A
  • A multicellular organism is a community of cells that work cooperatively for survival and reproduction of the organism
  • All are eukaryotes
  • All cells must have DNA (except reproduction cells) to be connected, communicate, and co-operate together. All cells are dependent on each other for survival.
  • Functions carried out at a cellular, tissue, organ and system level.
  • Macroscopic in size
  • Long life span
  • Mostly sexual reproduction therefore greater diversity
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3
Q

What is the function of meristematic tissue in a plant?

A

They heal the wounds of an injured plant.

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4
Q

What is the role of the dermal tissue in a plant?

A

To protect the plant, control the exchange of water and gasses and aid in absorption.

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5
Q

What is the function of the ground tissue in a plant?

A

Plant growth and healing, food production, storage, structural support and buoyancy (in aquatic plants)

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6
Q

What is the function of the vascular tissue in a plant?

A

It transports water, minerals and sugars to different parts of the plant.

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7
Q

What is the function of the nervous tissue in an animal?

A

Allows for both voluntary and involuntary movements through the innervation of effector muscles and glands.

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8
Q

What is the function of the connective tissue in an animal?

A

Structurally supporting organs and cells, transporting nutrients and wastes, defending against pathogens, storing fat, repairing damages, storing energy, insulating body, secreting hormones, shock absorbing and providing attachment sites for muscles and tendons.

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9
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue in an animal?

A
  • Loose connective
  • Fibrous connective
  • Adipose
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
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10
Q

What is the function of the epithelial tissue in an animal?

A

Absorption, secretion, protection.

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11
Q

What is the function of the muscle tissue in an animal?

A

Allows animal to move and perform daily activities; responsible for the pumping action of the heart, posture and respiratory mechanics.

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12
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants?

A

The phloem and the xylem.

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13
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transports water and water soluble substances absorbed through the roots to the leaves.

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14
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

It is a conductive tissue that transports mainly sugars from the leaves to the roots.

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15
Q

What are the main functions of the root system?

A

1) To absorb water and inorganic nutrients from the soil
2) To anchor the plant

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16
Q

How does the root system in a plant achieve a large surface area?

A
  • The root hair zone in the youngest part of each root have microscopic root hairs which increase the efficiency by 12 times
  • Epidermal cells are flattened
  • Extensive branching system
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17
Q

What are the two main functions of the shoot system?

A

1) Structural support
2) Acts as a transport pathway between leaves and roots

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18
Q

What is the main function of the leaves?

A

To absorb sunlight energy and carbon dioxide (gas exchange) for photosynthesis, as well as transpiration (evaporation of water).

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19
Q

What type of carbon dioxide is useful for Radioactive Carbon Tracing?

(^12C or ^14C)

A

^14C because it is highly radioactive and its pathways can be seen since the traces are very obvious.

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20
Q

In the root system of a plant, what is the pericycle, the endodermis, and the cortex?

A

Pericycle: the outer layer to the vascular cylinder. It is where branch root originate from.
Endodermis: the inner boundary to the cortex
Cortex: the cells between the epidermis and the vascular tissues of the stem and root.

Aka: Xylem —> Phloem —> Pericycle —> Endodermis —> Cortex cells —> Vascular tissue of stem or root.

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21
Q

Why do root systems of plants require a large surface area?

A

Osmosis and diffusion that happen in the roots are slow processes, so to replace the water that is lost from the plant, the roots need to have a large surface area.

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22
Q

Name and describe the three extensive branching ways of the root system.

A

1) A tap root system - has one main root with many smaller roots branching off
2) Fibrous root system - many main branches, no main root
3) An adventitious root system - roots arise from nodes on a stem

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23
Q

To allow for efficient photosynthesis, what are the structural features of the leaf?

A
  • A large surface area to allow easier absorption of light and carbon dioxide
  • Pores in the surface for exchange of gases
  • Presence of cells with lots of chloroplasts
  • A water transport system from roots to leaves
  • A food transport system from leaves to other parts
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24
Q

What is the difference in the arrangement of tissue in aquatic plants and terrestrial plants?

A

Terrestrial plants have larger numbers of chloroplasts in palisade cells which are cylindrical to increase surface area, while aquatic plants are simpler, have a single layer of the upper epidermis since water loss is not a problem, reduced number or no stomata and large, intercellular spaces for direct gas exchange.

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25
Q

Define translocation.

A

The movement of substances from one place to another in a plant.

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26
Q

What causes the movement of water in the xylem?

A

Transpiration pull: water evaporates from the leaves pulling more water behind it. Cohesion between water molecules (water sticks together) hold the water column together.

Transpiration streaming: water evaporates through the stromata of the leaves, setting up a concentration gradient across the leaf creating a suction pull.

Capillarity: the adhesive forces between xylem walls and the water pull the water up the fine xylem tubes.

Osmotic pressure: (pressure applied to stop the flow of water across the semi permeable membrane); pressure is set in the roots due to the osmotic gradient caused by different concentrations in the cells.

Concentration gradient: at the surface of the leaf the osmotic pressure is high (since constant evaporation) while in the centre of the leaf it is low, therefore creating pressure and forcing the water to travel up the xylem.

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27
Q

Explain the source to sink function of the phloem.

A

The photosynthetically active parts of the plants (leaves) are referred to as the sources - the phloem elements (eg: sugars) are loaded at these sites.

The areas of active growth and the areas of storage (eg: roots, seeds, flowers) are referred to as the sinks - the phloem elements are unloaded at these sites.

The phloem delivers the sugars from the source by active transport to the sink so that the sink can use it for immediate uses or store it for future metabolic needs.
This results in lower osmotic pressure in the phloem at the sink region. This drives the flow of sap in the phloem (the direction depends on the sink site).

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28
Q

Is the flow in the phloem continuous? Why?

A

Yes, because sucrose is continually being added at one end and removed at the other.

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29
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

(In animals)

A

The movement of gases into the body, within the body and out. This takes place across a surface by diffusion (eg: skin of a frog) or in specialised areas (eg: lungs or gills).

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30
Q

True of False: gaseous exchange occurs in all animals.

A

True.

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31
Q

For efficient functioning and maximum exchange of gases, what are the characteristics of gas exchange surfaces?

A
  • Large surface area - allow for more diffusion to take place
  • Moist, thin surface - for easier diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Near the transport system
  • One side will have a higher concentration of gas to maintain a concentration gradient
32
Q

When does the diaghram contract and when does it relax in humans?

A

When we inhale the diaghram contracts, when we exhale the diaphram relaxes.

33
Q

How does gas exchange occur in the aveoli?

A

Carbon dioxide from the capillary diffuses into the alveolar space, while oxygen diffuses from the alveolar space into the capillary.

34
Q

Define digestion.

A

The process in which food is broken down into smaller and simpler substances, which the body either uses or eliminates from the body.

35
Q

What are the 6 nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates (sugars), proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water.

36
Q

List the 11 parts of the respiratory system.

A
  • Nasal passage (nasal cavity)
  • Nose
  • Nostrils
  • Bronchus
  • Bronchiole
  • Alveoli (air sacs)
  • Diaghram
  • Rib cage
  • Lungs
  • Trachea (windpipe)
  • Larynx (voice box)
37
Q

List the 15 parts in the digestive system

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
  • Appendix
  • Small intestine
  • Gallbladder
  • Tongue
  • Epiglottis
  • Teeth
  • Mouth
38
Q

How does the mouth start the digestion process?

A

The teeth physically breakdown the food by biting/grinding it into smaller pieces.
The saliva contains enzymes which break down the food (eg: amylase breaks down starch into glucose).
Food and saliva form a smooth lump called a bolus.

39
Q

Describe the parts of the oesophagus and how it contributes to the process of digestion.

A

It transports food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis which push food down, allowing swallowing. The circular muscles in the oesophagus contract and relax to move the bolus down to the stomach.

40
Q

What type of acid is in the stomach and what does it contain?

A

Gastric acid which contains the enzyme pepsin that helps breakdown proteins and hydrochloric acid that helps the pepsin and kills harmful bacteria.

41
Q

What is the role of the stomach in digestion?

A

The stomach walls churn food and mix it with gastric juice. The entrance and exit of the stomach are controlled by rings of muscles called sphincters. Every minute the stomach passes a liquid food called chyme into the duoderum.

42
Q

How heavy is the liver and is it the most largest internal organ in a human?

A

Yes it is, and it weighs 1.5 kg.

43
Q

What does the liver produce and what does it do?

A

The liver produces bile, which helps break down lipids when secreted into the small intestine through the bile duct.

44
Q

What does the pancreas produce and how much?

A

The pancreas produces about 1.3 L of pancreatic juice every day.

45
Q

What does the pancreatic juice contain and how does it aid digestion?

A

It contains enzymes that help digest carbohydrates, fats and proteins, as well as liquid alkali that neutralises the acid in the chyme leaving the stomach.

46
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

4-6 meters long - it is the longest part of the digestive tract.

47
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in digestion?

A

Most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed into the small intestine and from here the food is now able to diffuse into bood vessels in the wall of the intestine.

48
Q

What are villi and what is their job?

A

Villi are tiny finger-like structures on the walls of the small intestine that increase surface area and allow nutrients from food to pass into the blood vessels through diffusion.

49
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the process of digestion?

A

The large intestine reabsorbs water from the food passed from the small intestine and forms it into lumps of faeces (called stools) that are then expels through the anus.

50
Q

What are the nutrients herbivores obtain from their diet?

A

Their diet is plant material which is high in fibre (cellulose) and starch, as well as some sugars, proteins, lipids etc.

51
Q

What does cellulose do in a herbivores body?

A

It creates a barrier around a cell’s contents and requires microbial action to be broken down.

52
Q

How do large herbivores digest cellulose?

A

They rely on microbes in their gut to break it down. This is a slow process and means the digestive systems of large herbivores are very complex and long, sometimes even having specialised digestive organs for this process.

53
Q

How do small herbivores digest their food?

A

They eat plant material that has less cellulose and is more energy rich, meaning their digestive system is short and simple because the plant material is easily digested.

54
Q

How do carnivores digest their food?

A

They eat animal cells that do not have cell walls, therefore they are easily digested. It has high nutritional content so needs to be consumed in lesser amounts. Their digestive system is relatively short and unspecialised. Very little undigested material is egested because of low fibre content.

55
Q

What relationship do some herbivores have with some microorganisms? What do the microorganisms help them do?

A

Only a few herbivores can digest cellulose, so some have a symbiotic relationship with some microorganisms which live in expanded parts of their gut and digest cellulose for them.

56
Q

What is foregut fermentation?

A

A digestive process in certain herbivores (eg: cows) where the plant materials are fermented in a specialised combination of stomach compartments together called the reticulorumen. (Bacteria gets access to the food first, and only usable material is passed on through the rest of the digestive tract)

57
Q

What is hind-gut fermentation?

A

When the animal eats their own feces (different from faeces) to absorb energy and nutrients from plant material that otherwise would be indigestible. (eg: rabbits)

58
Q

What are the two stages of digestion?

A

1) Mechanical or physical breakdown (food is chewed)
2) Chemical breakdown (use digestive enzymes to chemically breakdown food from large complex molecules to smaller ones)

59
Q

What are the four main types of teeth in mammals and what are their roles?

A

1) Incisors (front teeth) - to grasp, hold and bite food.
2) Canines (“eye” teeth of fangs) - for stabbing, gripping prey and tearing flesh.
3) Premolars (cheek teeth) - for chewing and cutting flesh, cracking hard body parts (eg: bones). Carnassial teeth are modified premolars for carnivores. They slice flesh.
4) Molars (back teeth) - used to grind and chew food.

60
Q

What is the difference between the teeth of an omnivore (eg: humans) and a herbivore (eg: cow)?

A

Omnivores have all 4 types of teeth but they do not show great variation in shape or size, while herbivores have only two types - the front teeth adapted for tearing off vegetation and back teeth for chewing a high fibre diet. As well as that, they have powerful jaw muscles to cope with all the chewing and a gap called a diastema instead of canines which helps the manipulation of food onto the molars, keeping chewed and unchewed food separate.

61
Q

Why is an enormous amount of chewing required for a herbivore to digest their food?

A
  • to physically break down the high fibre cellulose walls
  • to increase the surface area of cell walls for exposure to microbes which can digest cellulose. This is a mutualistic feeding relationship.
62
Q

What are the unique characteristics of the teeth of a carnivore?

A

Carnivores have powerful jaws to kill their prey; their canines are pointed and specialised for holding and killing prey, tearing meat; some have carnassial teeth instead of molars for slicing and shearing meat (eg: cats). Small carnivores like insectivors have have teeth that penetrate and puncture the tough cuticle of insects and then shear their inner tissue.

63
Q

What is the difference between a closed circulatory system and an open one?

A

In a open circulatory system, blood is pumped from the heart into body cavity allowing blood to bathe the tissue and then return to heart. However, in closed circulatory system there is a continuous system of vessels that conducts blood through the body.

64
Q

What is the flow diagram of the pathway of blood in blood vessels from the heart, around the body and back in the heart?

A

arteries —-> arterioles —-> capillaries —-> venules —-> veins —-> heart

65
Q

What is the lymphatic system and why is it needed?

A

The lymphatic system is our body’s ‘sewerage system’. It maintains fluid levels in our body tissues by removing all fluids that leak out of our blood vessels. The lymphatic system is important for the optimal functioning of our general and specific immune responses.

66
Q

What are the three types of blood cells?

A

White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes) and platelets.

67
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen, but also help maintain pH levels and carbon dioxide levels.

68
Q

What is the name of the protein that gives red blood cells their colour?

A

Haemoglobin (an iron-containing protein molecule).

69
Q

What is the main role of white blood cells?

A

To protect the body against invading organisms.

70
Q

Where are platelets produced and what is their role?

A

They are produced in the bone marrow and their main function is the clotting of blood - platelets stick to each other at the site of a wound which causes them to release an enzyme, thromboplastin, and seals the blood vessels.

71
Q

State the 5 types of white blood cells.

A
  • Lymphocyte
  • Monocyte
  • Eosinophill
  • Basophill
  • Neurophil
72
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

About 90% water and 10% proteins (plasma proteins, nutrients, gases, excretory waste products, ions, regulatory substances and other)

73
Q

List the parts of a human heart (13 parts)

A
  • Aorta
  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Mitral valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Pulmonary Valve
  • Tricuspid valve
74
Q

What are the three types of circulatory vessels? Describe them.

A
  • Arteries (thick walled, elastic and muscular)
  • Capillaries (have a singe cell layer (endothelium) and a lined with lumen. Provide a very large surface area over which the exchange of materials between the blood and the body cells occurs)
  • Veins (are less muscular and have a wider diameter)
75
Q

What are the functions of the arteries, capillaries and veins?

A

Arteries - distributing oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body.
Capillaries - take waste products away from tissues
Veins - collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to heart.

76
Q

What trigers a stomata to open and what is its role?

A

Sunlight. It controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere.

Biology - Year 11 Yearly (3 decks)

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