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Biology - Year 11 Yearly > Term 1 - Module 1: Cell Theory > Flashcards

Term 1 - Module 1: Cell Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What are example of inorganic compounds?

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • nitrogen
  • minerals
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2
Q

Outline the cell hierarchy and structural organisation through a flowchart

A

organelle -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> system -> organism

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3
Q

What is the role of metabolism?

A
  • Acceleration of chemical reactions
  • Lowering of activation energy
  • Action on specific substrates
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4
Q

What are examples on organic compounds?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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5
Q

What are the factors that affect diffusion, osmosis and active transport?

A
  • concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • particle size
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6
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

Carbon dioxide + water (+sunlight and chlorophyll) —> glucose + oxygen

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7
Q

What are the two series of reactions in photosynthesis? What does each of them involve?

A

The Light reaction
- splits water using sun energy

The Dark reaction
- uses carbon dioxide to make glucose
- no light required
- each step controlled by enzymes

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8
Q

What is the Calvin Cycle?

A

A phase of the Dark/Light-independent processes of photosynthesis when hydrogen atoms go through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions where they are combined with carbon dioxide to form a glucose molecule.

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9
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts.

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10
Q

What factors affect photosynthesis and how?

A

Light intensity
- when too low photosynthesis cannot occur
- the more light the faster the photosynthesis
- when too much light the rate will not increase anymore

Carbon Dioxide
- if no carbon dioxide, photosynthesis cannot occur
- the more carbon dioxide the faster photosynthesis takes place, until it platous

Temperature
- enzymes will denature at a certain temperature therefore lead to a decreasing rate of photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the law of energy?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed - it can only be transferred to another form.

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12
Q

What is the equation of cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water

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13
Q

What are the two main stages of cellular respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis –> splits glucose into 2. Does not require oxygen.
2)
- Aerobic Respiration –> if oxygen available
- Anaerobic Respiration –> if oxygen is unavailable

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14
Q

What are the anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions of metabolism?

A

Anabolic - building up large organic compounds from simpler molecules
Catabolic - breaking down complex organic compounds to simpler ones

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15
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts to control chemical reactions.
All metabolic reactions in living cells are controlled by enzymes.

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16
Q

What are enzymes sensitive to?

A

Temperature - above 60 degrees will denature all enzymes

pH - each enzyme has a narrow pH within which it functions most efficient

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17
Q

What does substrate-specific mean?

A

Substrate-specific mean that ONE particular enzyme can work on only ONE particular substrate molecule because the active site is shaped to bind that molecule

18
Q

Outline the pH scale

A

more acidic <— 7 (neutral) —> more basic

19
Q

What are the characteristics of enzymes?

A
  • are made of proteins
  • are catalysts
  • remain uncharged at the end of a reaction
  • are needed in small amounts
  • are highly specific
  • work best under certain conditions
  • may need cofactors
20
Q

What are the two different types of organisms?

(Referring to cells)

A

Unicellular
- self-reproduction
- short life span
- mostly prokaryotes

Multicellular
- community of cells
- all eukaryotes
- long life span
- sexual reproduction

21
Q

What is the definition of colonial multicellular organisms and what are some examples?

A

Colonial multicellular organisms are a speical form of multicellular organisms that consist of many individuals livinh together
- Facultative Colony (eg: honey bees)
- Independent organisms that form social structures
- Obligated Colony
- Colony of organisms that are dependent on each other

22
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

The flow of water through a semi-permeable membrane
- Flow of water from a weaker solution to a stronger solution
- Does NOT require energy! (natural process)

23
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

When a substance is moved down a concentration gradient by a carrier protein.

24
Q

What is active transport?

A

This occurs when substrates are too large or when they move to a higher concentration through the cell membrane.
Carrier proteins help by energy (ATP) is still used.

25
Q

In a sentence, sum up the surface area to volume ratio.

A

As the surface area to volume ratio decreases, the cell’s efficiency at maintaining cellular metabolism will decrease, therefore small cells are best.

26
Q

What are the two types of substances in a cell?

A

Inorganic and organic

27
Q

What are the two different types of organisms?

(Referring to diet)

A
  • Autotrophs (feed themselves. Eg: plants, bacteria)
  • Heterotrophs (depend on autotrophs)
28
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading of particles.
- Does NOT require energy! (natural process)

……. ——> . . . . .

29
Q

What are the factors that affect the fluid nature of the cell membrane?

A
  • Phospholipid composition and structure (higher % = more fluid)
  • Temperature (when increases membrane becomes more fluid)
  • Presence of cholesterol (give stability)
30
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Glycoproteins (proteins with sugar)
  • Glycolipids (phospholipids with sugar)
  • Cholesterol
  • Instrinsic protein (carrier proteins)
  • Extrinsic protein (enzymes)
31
Q

What are the two types of microscopes, and the two sub-types of the second microscope?

A
  1. Light Microscope
  2. Electron Microscope
    - Scanning electron microscope
    - Transmission electron microscope
32
Q

What are the organelles in the animal cell?

A
  • Mitochondrion
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Temporary vacuole
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes
33
Q

What are the organelles in plant cells?

A
  • Chloroplast
  • Large permanent vacuole
  • Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondrion
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
34
Q

Outline the difference between inorganic and organic substances.

A

Organic substances contain carbon dioxide while inorganic substances don’t.

35
Q

What are the properties of living organisms?

(The characteristics of living things)

A
  • energy processing
  • order (cells, tissues etc)
  • sensibility (response to environment)
  • growth and development
  • reproduction
  • regulation
  • homeostasis
36
Q

State what can be observed through the Light and Electron microscopes.

A

Light:
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- vacuoles
- chloroplasts
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- cell wall
- golgi body/apparatus

Electron:
- everything a light microscope can but in more detail +
- lysosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosomes

37
Q

What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?

A

1) Cells are the smallest unit of life
2) All living things are made up from cells
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells

38
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles and are unicellular.
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and can be both multicellular or unicellular.

39
Q

What is the “phospholipid nature”?

A

It makes the cells membrane impermeable to water-soluble particles and it means that the heads of the phospholipids are attracted to water while the tales are aquaphobic.

40
Q

What are cofactors?

A

They are a non-protein group that binds with the protein part and helps to form the active site.

Biology - Year 11 Yearly (3 decks)

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