Term 1 - Module 1: Cell Theory Flashcards
What are example of inorganic compounds?
- water
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- nitrogen
- minerals
Outline the cell hierarchy and structural organisation through a flowchart
organelle -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> system -> organism
What is the role of metabolism?
- Acceleration of chemical reactions
- Lowering of activation energy
- Action on specific substrates
What are examples on organic compounds?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
What are the factors that affect diffusion, osmosis and active transport?
- concentration gradient
- temperature
- particle size
What is the photosynthesis equation?
Carbon dioxide + water (+sunlight and chlorophyll) —> glucose + oxygen
What are the two series of reactions in photosynthesis? What does each of them involve?
The Light reaction
- splits water using sun energy
The Dark reaction
- uses carbon dioxide to make glucose
- no light required
- each step controlled by enzymes
What is the Calvin Cycle?
A phase of the Dark/Light-independent processes of photosynthesis when hydrogen atoms go through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions where they are combined with carbon dioxide to form a glucose molecule.
Where does photosynthesis take place?
In the chloroplasts.
What factors affect photosynthesis and how?
Light intensity
- when too low photosynthesis cannot occur
- the more light the faster the photosynthesis
- when too much light the rate will not increase anymore
Carbon Dioxide
- if no carbon dioxide, photosynthesis cannot occur
- the more carbon dioxide the faster photosynthesis takes place, until it platous
Temperature
- enzymes will denature at a certain temperature therefore lead to a decreasing rate of photosynthesis
What is the law of energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed - it can only be transferred to another form.
What is the equation of cellular respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water
What are the two main stages of cellular respiration?
1) Glycolysis –> splits glucose into 2. Does not require oxygen.
2)
- Aerobic Respiration –> if oxygen available
- Anaerobic Respiration –> if oxygen is unavailable
What are the anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions of metabolism?
Anabolic - building up large organic compounds from simpler molecules
Catabolic - breaking down complex organic compounds to simpler ones
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts to control chemical reactions.
All metabolic reactions in living cells are controlled by enzymes.
What are enzymes sensitive to?
Temperature - above 60 degrees will denature all enzymes
pH - each enzyme has a narrow pH within which it functions most efficient
What does substrate-specific mean?
Substrate-specific mean that ONE particular enzyme can work on only ONE particular substrate molecule because the active site is shaped to bind that molecule
Outline the pH scale
more acidic <— 7 (neutral) —> more basic
What are the characteristics of enzymes?
- are made of proteins
- are catalysts
- remain uncharged at the end of a reaction
- are needed in small amounts
- are highly specific
- work best under certain conditions
- may need cofactors
What are the two different types of organisms?
(Referring to cells)
Unicellular
- self-reproduction
- short life span
- mostly prokaryotes
Multicellular
- community of cells
- all eukaryotes
- long life span
- sexual reproduction
What is the definition of colonial multicellular organisms and what are some examples?
Colonial multicellular organisms are a speical form of multicellular organisms that consist of many individuals livinh together
- Facultative Colony (eg: honey bees)
- Independent organisms that form social structures
- Obligated Colony
- Colony of organisms that are dependent on each other
What is the definition of osmosis?
The flow of water through a semi-permeable membrane
- Flow of water from a weaker solution to a stronger solution
- Does NOT require energy! (natural process)
What is facilitated diffusion?
When a substance is moved down a concentration gradient by a carrier protein.
What is active transport?
This occurs when substrates are too large or when they move to a higher concentration through the cell membrane.
Carrier proteins help by energy (ATP) is still used.
In a sentence, sum up the surface area to volume ratio.
As the surface area to volume ratio decreases, the cell’s efficiency at maintaining cellular metabolism will decrease, therefore small cells are best.
What are the two types of substances in a cell?
Inorganic and organic
What are the two different types of organisms?
(Referring to diet)
- Autotrophs (feed themselves. Eg: plants, bacteria)
- Heterotrophs (depend on autotrophs)
What is the definition of diffusion?
Diffusion is the spreading of particles.
- Does NOT require energy! (natural process)
……. ——> . . . . .
What are the factors that affect the fluid nature of the cell membrane?
- Phospholipid composition and structure (higher % = more fluid)
- Temperature (when increases membrane becomes more fluid)
- Presence of cholesterol (give stability)
What are the components of the plasma membrane?
- Phospholipids
- Glycoproteins (proteins with sugar)
- Glycolipids (phospholipids with sugar)
- Cholesterol
- Instrinsic protein (carrier proteins)
- Extrinsic protein (enzymes)
What are the two types of microscopes, and the two sub-types of the second microscope?
- Light Microscope
- Electron Microscope
- Scanning electron microscope
- Transmission electron microscope
What are the organelles in the animal cell?
- Mitochondrion
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Golgi apparatus
- Temporary vacuole
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosomes
What are the organelles in plant cells?
- Chloroplast
- Large permanent vacuole
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondrion
- Cell membrane
- Cell wall
Outline the difference between inorganic and organic substances.
Organic substances contain carbon dioxide while inorganic substances don’t.
What are the properties of living organisms?
(The characteristics of living things)
- energy processing
- order (cells, tissues etc)
- sensibility (response to environment)
- growth and development
- reproduction
- regulation
- homeostasis
State what can be observed through the Light and Electron microscopes.
Light:
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- vacuoles
- chloroplasts
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- cell wall
- golgi body/apparatus
Electron:
- everything a light microscope can but in more detail +
- lysosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosomes
What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?
1) Cells are the smallest unit of life
2) All living things are made up from cells
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells
What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles and are unicellular.
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and can be both multicellular or unicellular.
What is the “phospholipid nature”?
It makes the cells membrane impermeable to water-soluble particles and it means that the heads of the phospholipids are attracted to water while the tales are aquaphobic.
What are cofactors?
They are a non-protein group that binds with the protein part and helps to form the active site.
