Term 2 Flashcards
Define capacitance and farad
The charge stored on one plate per unit of potential difference between the plates.
The unit of capacitance is the farad. Equivalent to Charge per Volt.
State the formula for capacitance
C = Q/V
Describe how the formulas for capacitance is derived for capacitors in parallel and series
Parallel:
- Total charge is the sum of charge going through each capacitor
- As voltage is constant the capacitance becomes C = C1+ C2…
Series:
- Total voltage is the sum of the potential differences of the capacitors.
- As charge is constant capacitance becomes C = 1/C1 + 1/C2
State the formulas required to calculate the work done in charging up a capacitor
- area under graph of p.d against charge is equal to work done
W = 1/2 QV
W = 1/2 CV^2
W = 1/2 (Q^2/C)
Describe what happens if a capacitor is charged and then connected to a second capacitor
- Charge stored is equivalent to charge when the initial capacitor is charged.
- This means the charge is shared between the capacitors in proportion to their capacitances.
Describe how light dependent resistors work
- made of high resistance semiconductor
- as light intensity increases resistance decreases, non-linear relationship
- if light falling on LDR is of high enough frequency then electrons are released from the semiconductor.
- these free electrons conduct electricity and resistance is decreased.
Describe how thermistors work
- negative temperature coefficient thermistors mean that as temp rises, resistance falls
- made of semiconductor material
- relationship is not linear
Describe how piezo electric transducers work and explain their use in microphones
- contains crystals that when force is applied the shape changes and an electric field is produced
- consists of positive and negative ions in regular arrangement so when stressed a small voltage is produced.
- microphones contain the crystal which is made into a thin sheet with metal connections on opposite ends.
- Sound wave causes compressions and rarefactions causing pressure to increase and decrease and small voltage is created across connections.
Describe how a metal wire strain gauge works
- As wire is stretched metal wire becomes longer and narrower increasing electrical resistance
- opposite occurs if wire is compressed
- change in length of wire is directly proportional to change in resistance.
Describe the properties of an ideal op-amp
Infinite open loop voltage gain: With no feedback loop then a small input signal will be amplified to an ‘infinite’ output signal resulting in output being saturated.
Infinite input resistance: no current is drawn from the supply meaning there are no lost volts and input voltage is max.
Zero output resistance: no lost volts in current supplied by op amp
Infinite bandwidth: Range of frequencies that are amplified by the same amount. Ideally all signals of all frequencies are amplified the same.
Infinite slew rate: Means output is produced instantaneously as input is changed. No time delay.
Zero noise contribution: Does not produce any noise itself
State the formula for open loop gain
G = Vout/ (V+ - V-)
Describe the use of op amps as a comparator
- compares V+ and V-
- if V+ is slightly greater than V- then Vout will be equal to positive power supply voltage and vice versa.
- Tells us which input is larger
- Can also be used to compare light levels or temperatures if LDR or thermistor is used in place of fixed resistor.
State the formula for closed loop gain
G = Go/ (1+Go)
State the benefits of using negative feedback
- less distortion
- increased bandwidth
- gain is more stable
- output impedance is low and input impedance is high.
Describe the virtual earth approximation
- Vin must be very close to 0 so that the op-amp is not saturated
- this is required in inverting amplfiers
State the formula for gain in an inverting amplifier
G = -Rf/Rin
State the formula for gain in a non-inverting amplifier
G = 1 + (Rf/Rg)
Describe the use of relays as output devices and explain how the op amp is protected from it
- electromagnetic switch operated by small current
- magnetic field attracts magnetic field causing contacts to be connected completing a second circuit that contain larger voltages or currents
- when current is turned off a large change in magnetic flux causes a large emf to be produced by relay causing damage to op-amp
- reverse biased diode is placed across relay coil allowing current to flow without damaging op-amp.
- diode is also used to ensure current only flows through one end.
Describe the use of light emitting diodes as output devices
- Show whether state of output is positive, negative or zero
- must be placed in series with resistor if diode is between zero-volt line and output of op-amp so that voltage entering diode is decreased and diode is not damaged.
Describe the use of calibrated meters as output devices
- used to measure physical quantities
- voltmeter must be calibrated in terms of physical quantity
- calibration curve is used to change the voltmeter reading into value for physical quantity
State the formula for the force on a conductor
F = BILsin()
Define magnetic flux density
Force experienced per unit length by a long straight conductor carrying unit current and placed at right angles to the field at that point. Unit is tesla which is equivalent to 1 N/ Am
State the formula for the magnetic force on a moving charge
F = BQv sin ()
angle is angle the charged particle is moving to the magnetic field.
Describe how a hall voltage is formed
- a small current flows through the probe from one end to the other meaning when a magnetic field is applied electrons are pushed sideways and so accumulate along one side of the probe
- This is the hall effect and a hall voltage is generated.
- Greater flux density means greater Hall voltage.