Term 1 unit test Flashcards
Flexion
Decreasing joint angle
Describe the anatomical position
A position where the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body’s sides with the palms supinated, facing forwards.
Describe a short bone and it’s functions
- short in length
- used for dexterity (fine motor skills)
- small movements
Eg. Tarsals & phalanges
Abduction
Away from midline of the body
Describe a long bone and it’s functions
- longer than wide
- used for structure, strength, creating movement and velocity
Eg. femur & humerus
Pronation
Palms facing down
Dorsiflexion
toes up towards tibia
Rotation
Movement of bone around a central axis
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
- Circulates blood to the body
- Transports oxygen, water and nutrients to cells in blood.
- transports carbon dioxide and waste out of cells
- maintains body temp
- white blood cells fight infection
Plantar flexion
Pointing toes away from tibia
Adduction
Towards the midline of the body
What is a cartilaginous joint
One allowing slight movement for articulation
Eg. Sternum, vertebrae
What is a synovial joint?
A joint which is freely moveable
Eg. Knee, elbow
What are the 5 types of synovial joint and what are they used for? Give an example of each
Gliding - linear movement - carpals
Hinge- allow for only flexion & extension - knee
Condyloid- flexion, extension, circumduction, abduction, adduction - between metacarpals & phalanges
Saddle - abduction, adduction - base of the thumb
Ball & socket - circumduction, adduction, abduction - hip & shoulder
What’s an eccentric muscle contraction?
When the muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater than the force the muscle is producing.
Eg. Downward motion of squats
What’s a concentric muscle contraction?
When the muscle tension rises to meet the resistance then remains stable as the muscle shortens.
Eg. Lifting a weight
What’s an isometric muscle contraction?
The muscle activates but there is no movement at a joint. No lengthening or shortening.
Eg. Carrying something
What does the left atrium do
Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs
What is a septum
A muscular wall that separates the chambers of the heart
What are the 3 types of muscle contraction?
Eccentric
Concentric
Isometric
Supination
Palms facing upwards
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
Structure, protection, movement, storage of fats and minerals, production of blood cells
What does the aorta do?
Transports oxygenated blood from the heart ( left ventricle) to parts of the body
During flexion of the hip, which muscle is the prime mover and which is the antagonist?
Prime mover - quadriceps
Antagonist- hamstrings
Circumduction
rotate arm in circle from shoulder
Explain the functions and characteristics of skeletal muscle
- movement\stability, protects organs, moves to help breathe, produces heat from burning energy
- elastic in nature, capable of contracting (contractile), voluntary, excitable
What are the 14 different muscles
Biceps, triceps, gastrocnemius, trapezius, deltoid, quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, adductor group, latissimus dorsi, soleus, abdominals, gluteus maximums, pectorials.
What are the 3 types of muscle
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
During plantar flexion, which muscle is the prime mover and which is the antagonist?
Prime mover- gastrocnemius
Antagonist- tibialis anterior
Cardiac muscle
Pumps blood, involuntary, in the heart
What does the left ventricle do?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
What is a type 1 muscle fibre
- slow twitch (endurance)
- red
- slow contraction time
- high resistance to fatigue
- used for aerobic activity
- low force production
Why are slow twitch muscle fibres red?
Because they have a large blood supply, transporting oxygen to the muscles for energy. This helps the muscle have a higher fatigue resistance.
Extension
Increase joint angle
What are the functions of the heart?
A muscle that pumps blood to the body and lungs
Receives its own supply of blood via the cardiac blood vessels
Can you change what muscle fibres you’ve got?
No. They’re genetic.
What does the right atrium do?
Receive deoxygenated blood from the body
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Takes deoxygenated blood from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs
Explain the functions of smooth muscle
Manipulates food, lining of stomach, oesophagus, can be found in heart, etc.
Why are fast twitch muscle fibres white?
Because they don’t get their energy from oxygen, therefore having a smaller blood supply and a low fatigue resistance.
What does the right ventricle do?
Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What does the pulmonary veins do?
Takes oxygenated blood to the heart (left atrium) from the lungs
What does the vena cava do?
Takes deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart (right atrium)
What is reciprocal inhibition?
Explains the process of muscles working in pairs - antagonist pairs.
What is a type 2 muscle fibre
- fast twitch
- type a & b
- white
- fast & very fast contraction time
- medium & low resistance to fatigue
- used for anaerobic activity
- high force production
What are the 15 different types of bones
Humerus, metacarpals, carpals, phalanges, ulna, radius, ribs, sternum, pelvis, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals,
What is a Fiberous joint
One with no movement
Eg. Skull
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
Elastic in nature, contractile, voulentary,
Why are type one muscle fibres red
Contain lots of blood vessels. Muscle fibres rely on blood for oxygen supply. Use for aerobic activity. Therefore use oxygen for energy. Abundance of oxygen
Why are type 2 muscle fibres white
Don’t contain as many blood vessels. Use for anaerobic activity. Don’t need oxygen to produce energy.
Who would have more Type II muscle fibres. A weightlifter or a long distance runner
Weightlifter
Who would have more type one muscle fibres. A professional walker or a sprinter
Walker
How can a skeletal muscle instantly generate more force?
1) send more signals ( signals more
rapid)
2) recruit more muscles
Excitability
In the movement flexion of the hip, which muscles are the prime mover and the antagonist?
Pm - quadriceps
Antagonist- hamstrings
In the movement planter flexion, which muscles are the prime mover and the antagonist?
Pm - gastrocnemius
Antagonist - tibialis anterior
Long bone function
Used for structure, strength, movement, velocity, makes blood cells
Short bone function
Dexterity - fine motor skills
Small movements
Flat bone functions
Attach lots of muscles, protection of vital organs,
Irregular bone functions
Protection, articulation - flexibility/movement
What’s the pulmonary circuit
Carries blood from the heat to the lungs and back again
What is the systemic circuit
Carries blood from the heart to all parts of the body ( not lungs) and back again
What is the order of body parts that oxygen flows through into the respiratory system
Nasal cavity & mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
