[TERM 1:Ln]Solid Dosage Forms Flashcards
mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form which can be used internally or externally
POWDERS
are prepared agglomerates of powder
GRANULES
Types of Powders and Granules
- Bulk powders or granules for internal use – C-Lium Fibre
- Divided powders or granules for internal use -
- Dusting powders for external use - MILCU
- Insufflations for administration to ear, nose or throat
- Antibiotic suspension to be reconstituted before
use - Powders for reconstitution into injections
- Dry powder inhalers
Latin origin word of POWDERS
“pulvis”
Maybe a finely subdivided preparation; coarsely comminuted product or a product of intermediate particle size
POWDERS
ADVANTAGES OF POWDERS
1.Each dose can contain a different amount of
active drug can be administered easily to
infants and young children who cannot
swallow tablets or capsules drug
- Can be applied to many body cavities such as
ears, nose, tooth socket, throat
3.Can be made into many different dosage
formulations (capsules, tablets, powders for
reconstitution, dusting powders, bulk powders,
powders for inhalation, etc.)
Disadvantages of powder
- time consuming to prepare
- they are not suited well for dispensing unpleasant tasting, hygroscopic
or deliquescent drugs. - Bulk powders – inaccuracy of doses
PROPERTIES OF POWDERS
- Exist as fine particles
- Smooth to the touch and nonirritating to the skin
- Powders generally range from 0.1 to 10 micron in size.
- The size of the particles are often expressed as a number
which corresponds to the mesh screen size of a sieve. - The screen size indicates the number of openings in the mesh
screen per inch
MESH SIZE 2
- 52 mm // 9520 um
MESH SIZE 4
4.76 mm // 4760 um
MESH SIZE 8
2.38 mm // 2380 um
MESH SIZE 10
2.00 mm // 2000 um
MESH SIZE 20
0.84 mm // 840 um
MESH SIZE 30
0.59 mm // 590 um
MESH SIZE 40
0.42 mm // 420 um
MESH SIZE 50
0.297 mm // 297 um
MESH SIZE 60
0.250 mm // 250 um
MESH SIZE 70
0.210 mm // 210 um
MESH SIZE 80
0.177 mm // 177 um
MESH SIZE 100
0.149 mm // 149 um
MESH SIZE 120
0.125 mm // 125 um
MESH SIZE 200
0.074 mm // 74 um
All particles pass through a No.8 sieve and not more than 20% through
a No.60 sieve
Very Coarse (No.8)
All particles pass through a No.20 sieve and NMT 40% through a
No.60 sieve
Coarse (No.20)
All particles pass through a No.40 sieve and NMT 40% through a No.80
sieve
Moderately Coarse (No.40)
All particles pass through a No.60 sieve and NMT 40% through a
No.100 sieve
Fine (No.60)
All particles pass through a No.80 sieve. There is no limit to greater
fineness
Very fine (No.80)
Very Coarse
Mesh Opening Size: >1000
Mesh Size Number: 2-10
Coarse
Mesh Opening Size: 355-1000
Mesh Size Number: 20-40
Moderately Coarse
Mesh Opening Size: 180-355
Mesh Size Number: 40-80
Fine
Mesh Opening Size: 125-180
Mesh Size Number: 80-120
Very Fine
Mesh Opening Size: 90-125
Mesh Size Number: 120-200
All particles pass through a No.20 sieve and NMT 60%
through a No.40 sieve
Coarse (No.20)
All particles pass through a No.40 sieve and NMT 60%
through a No.60 sieve
Moderately coarse (No.40)
All particles pass through a No.80 sieve. There is no limit as
to greater fineness.
Fine (No.80)
All particles pass through a No.120 sieve. There is no limit
to greater fineness
Very Fine (No.120)
dispensed in the form of individual doses and generally are dispensed in
paper properly folded. They may be dispensed in metal foil, small heat
plastic bag.
DIVIDED POWDERS (Chartulae/Chartula)
POWDER FORMULATION
- Weighing of components in the formulation
- Comminution
The process of reducing the particle size in extemporaneous compounding (increase dissolution, absorption of drugs).
There are three methods of comminution:
§ Trituration
§ Pulverization by intervention
§ Levigation
3.Mixing of Ingredients
- Dividing the powders accurately into the prescribed number
- Transferring each dose in individual papers
- Folding the powder papers
- Packaging divided powders (powder boxes)
continuous rubbing or grinding of the powder
in a mortar with a pestle. This method is used
when working with hard, fracturable
powders
TRITURATION
used with hard crystalline powders that do not crush
or triturate easily, or gummy-type substances.
Addition of volatile substances (camphor and
alcohol)
The first step is to use an “intervening” solvent (such
as alcohol or acetone) that will dissolve the
compound.
The dissolved powder is then mixed in a mortar or
spread on an ointment slab to enhance the
evaporation of the solvent.
As the solvent evaporates, the powder will
recrystallize out of solution as fine particles
Pulverization by Intervention
formation of a paste by addition of a LEVIGATING
AGENT
Reduces the particle size by triturating it in a
mortar or spatulating it on an ointment slab or
pad with a small amount of a liquid (levigating
agent) in which the solid is not soluble.
The solvent should be somewhat viscous such as
mineral oil or glycerin.
This method is also used to reduce the particle
size of insoluble materials when compounding
ointments and suspensions
LEVIGATION
mixing powders enclosed in large containers which
rotates by a motorized process. (mechanical mixer);large scale
compounding
Tumbling Method
particles are passed by a mechanical shaking through a series of sieves known and successively smaller size and the
determination of proportion of powder passing through a sieve; used for NON-POTENT POWDERS
Sieving Method
mixing by passing through a sifters like the one used in the kitchen to sift flour
Sifting Method
small amounts of powders may be blended by the
movement of a pharmaceutical spatula through a sheet of powder or pile
tile; FOR NON POTENT POWDERS
Spatulation method
both to comminute and to mix powders
Trituration method
addition of appropriate amount of diluent to a
POTENT substance
Geometric dilution
used for non-potent drugs, the powder prepared is placed on a flat surface (pill tile or glass plate) and with a large spatula
forms rectangular or squared shaped, then using a spatula, the RPh partially cut into pieces of blocks.
Block and Divide Method (using a pill tile)
powder papers of equal size should be place on pans of balance and weighed according to prescribed weight
Weighing of Individual Doses
Dividing the powders accurately into the prescribed number
of doses by:
1.Block and Divide Method (using a pill tile)
- Weighing of Individual Doses
- Transferring each dose in individual
papers - Folding the powder papers
- Packaging divided powders (powder boxes)
Four (4) Basic Types of Paper Used
- Vegetable Parchment Paper – thin, semi-opaque
moisture resistant paper - White Paper – an opaque without moisture
resistant papers - Glassine Paper – glazed, transparent moisture
resistant papers - Waxed Paper- Transparent, waterproof for
hygroscopic and volatile drugs.
thin, semi-opaque
moisture resistant paper
Vegetable Parchment Paper
an opaque without moisture resistant papers
White Paper
glazed, transparent moisture resistant papers
Glassine Paper
Transparent, waterproof for hygroscopic and volatile drugs.
Waxed Paper
non-potent and can be
dosed with acceptable accuracy and safety
using measuring devices such as the teaspoon,
cup, or insufflator.
Available in prepackaged amount like
antacids, laxatives, douche powders
Measuring scoop, spoon or other device is
dispensed with the powder
BULK POWDERS
TYPES OF BULK POWDERS
- ORAL POWDERS
- DENTRIFICES
- DOUCHES
- DUSTING POWDERS
- INSUFFLATIONS
generally supplied as finely divided powders or
effervescent granules.
It is intended to be dissolved in water
ORAL POWDERS
is a substances used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning
the accessible surface of the teeth, commercial dentrifices powders are more abrasive
than paste
Dentrifices
these products are completely soluble and are intended to be dissolved
in water prior to use as antiseptics or cleaning agents for the body cavity. Dispense in a
wide mouth glass jar.
Douches
are fine medicinal (bulk) powders intended to
be dusted on the skin by means of sifter-top containers.
Dusting Powders
these are finely divided powders introduced into the body cavities
such as ears, nose, throat and vagina. Insufflators (powder blower) usually employed to
administer these products
Insufflations
prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powder
irregularly shaped but may be prepared to spherical
Usually in the 4-12 sieve size range
Prepared by wet and dry methods
GRANULES
METHODS OF PREPARATION OF GRANULES
- Wet Method
– Powder or powder mixture is moistened
– Pass through a screen
– Granules placed on drying trays
– Using fluid bed processing - Dry Method
– Dry powder passed through a roll compactor then in a
granulating machine - SLUGGING (alternative dry method)
– Compression of powders into large tablets or slugs
granulator
METHODS OF PREPARATION OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULES
- FUSION METHOD (DRY)
*WET METHOD
Solid dosage form in which one or more
medicinal and/or inert substances are
enclosed within a small shell or container
generally prepared from a suitable form of
gelatin (hard or soft)
CAPSULES
Intended to be swallowed whole for the
benefit of the medicine contained within
CAPSULES
consists of a base or body and a
shorter cap, which fits firmly over the base of the capsule. For human use, eight sizes of
capsules are available
HARD GELATIN CAPSULES
are available as clear gelatin capsules or in a variety of colors
CAPSULES
prepared by the hydrolysis of collagen, which is the
main protein constituent of connective tissues in animal
bones and skins
GELATIN
acid hydrolysis of porcine skins
GELATIN A
base hydrolysis of bovine bones
GELATIN B
Capsule sizes for human use
000 (largest) & 5 (smallest)
Capsule size 5
65mg-130 mg
Capsule size 4
97 mg-260 mg
