Term 1, lectures 6-10

Question 1

Bottom up process

Answer 1

Sensory driven

Organise incoming information

Question 2

Top down processes

Answer 2

Driven by knowledge, experience and expectations

Determine perception in ambiguous settings

Question 3

Gestalt or whole percept

Answer 3

Perceptual organisation
Perceptual constancies
Perceptual illusions

Question 4

Consciousness

Answer 4

Awareness of self and surroundings, operates on a continuum

Question 5

Functional views of consciousness

Answer 5

Monitoring - attentions, you experience what you attend to
Controlling - plan, initiate and guide future actions
Conscious and unconscious actions

Question 6

Hypnosis

Answer 6

Altered consciousness or period of focused attention

Question 7

Hypnotised state

Answer 7

Receptive to suggestions
Narrowing attention to single source
Lack of initiative and wilful action
Can bring pain relief

Question 8

Basic structure of sleep

Answer 8

Sleep staircase -

1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 2 > REM > 2 > 3 > 4 > 2 > REM > 2 …

Question 9

Organisation of Sleep

Answer 9

Core sleep

• first 5 hours
• most of deep sleep
• half of REM

Optional sleep

• Next 2+ hrs
• Mostly stage 1&2

Question 10

Insomnia

Answer 10

• Delayed sleep onset, disturbed sleep, early morning waking
• Causes; psychological, medical disorders
• Treatment; hypnotic drugs, sleep education

Question 11

Narcolepsy

Answer 11

• Sleep attacks - overwhelming sleepiness
• Cataplexy (paralysis of voluntary muscles)
• Vivid sleep-onset dreams

Question 12

Sleep deprivation

Answer 12

• Most effect on cortical functions

- Only 1/3 lost sleep recovered

Question 13

3 stages of memory

Answer 13

Encoding - Storage - Retrieval

Question 14

Long-term memory

Answer 14

Episodic - autobiographical e.g when did you last ride a bike?
Semantic - knowledge about the world e.g what is a bike?
Procedural - skills based e.g how do ride a bike?

Question 15

Multi-store memory model

Answer 15

Articulatory loop  Short-term store
Visio-spatial scratch pad  Short-term store
Long term  Short-term store
Long term -> Sensory store
Sensory store -> Short-term store

Question 16

Classical Conditioning

Answer 16

Unconditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned response moving to a Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

Relationship between action and enforcer

Question 18

Operant Conditioning - Types of reinforcement

Answer 18

Those that increase responding

• +ve reinforcement e.g. child crying
• -ve reinforcement e.g parent picking child up

Those that decrease responding

• Extinction e.g withdrawing reinforcer, removing parent
• Punishment: Positive (aversive stimulus added e.g shock) or (pleasant stimulus subtracted e.g timeout)