Term 1 Flashcards
chronological age
measured in years
physiological age
measured in functional capacity
homeostasis
functional ability
aging
process of growing old
senescence
biological aging, change in biology
senility
physical/mental deterioration
gerontology
study of aging
geriatrics
healthcare delivery to elderly
longevity
duration of life, mean + max measures
Aging by Program Theory
“clock” in human body controls aging, info from hypothalamus is carried to cells via nerves, communication of messages decline w/ age
Gene Theory
aging is programmed, but is due to one or more harmful genes, only become active later in life, human lifespan is inherited trait, little firm evidence to support theory
Gene Mutation Theory
mutations of genes in cells, accumulation of cells with altered function, result over time leads to malfunction
Cross-Linkage Theory
when proteins are denatured past a certain point, they become irreversibly altered, caused by formation of cross-links, *PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURALLY CHANGED, cause dysfunction with cells, tissues, organs
enzyme
protein, controls rate of chemical reactions in the body, organic catalyst
collagen
supportive tissue, protein fiber, intercellular matrix
Free Radical Theory
free radicals are cellular chemicals contain unpaired electrons, react with cellular proteins = chemical alteration, the more antioxidants, the longer you live
Cellular Garbage Theory
garbage molecules interfere with normal cell functioning, cause damages in cell components including proteins and nucleic acid
Accumulation of Errors Theory
cell dysfunction could result from accumulation of random errors, affects enzyme activity negatively, new proteins are synthesized, highly questionable theory
Wear and Tear Theory
aging is programmed process, quicker the energy production = faster death, mainly experimental evidence, no conclusions
Autoimmune Theory
immune system protects from invasion by foreign substance, antigens and antibodies, sources suggest antigens appear later in life, responsible for things like Chrons Disease.
cells
basic unit of life, new cells arise from preexisting cells
DNA
cell blueprint
area to volume ratio
larger the surface area, more nutrients
plasma membrane
surrounds, delineates cell, phospholipid bilayer, embedded w/ proteins, selectively permeable
cytoplasm
semifluid inside cell, contains organelles
organelles
specific cell function
diffusion/osmosis
all molecules similar want to spread out and move away from each other
RNA
copy of DNA
mitochondrion
powerhouse of the cell
lysosomes
collection of enzyme surrounded by membrane, breaks down substances, cleaning agent, digestive
cell wall
structural support
nucleus
brain of cell, houses DNA
nucleolus
center of nucleus, produces subunits of ribosomes
nucleoid
contains majority of DNA material
ribosomes
synthesize proteins
endoplasmic reticulum
puts proteins into lysosomes, transports proteins to Golgi apparatus
rough ER
studded w/ ribosomes
smooth ER
no ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules
Golgi apparatus
processes, packages, modifies cell product
vesicles
hold cell waste and unnecessary materials
lysosomes
digests macromolecules
cytoskeleton
maintains cells shape, assists movement of cell parts
centrioles
short cylinders of microtubules
capsule
part of outer envelope made of polysaccharides
cilia/flagella
tail helps cell move
