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Biology of Aging > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reasons for living longer

A 
nutrition
lifestyle
environmental factors
genetics
gender
healthcare changes
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2
Q

chronological age

A

measured in years

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3
Q

physiological age

A

measured in functional capacity (doesn’t coincide with chronological)

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

functional ability

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5
Q

aging

A

process of growing old

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6
Q

senescence

A

biological aging, change in biology

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7
Q

senility

A

physical/mental deterioration

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8
Q

gerontology

A

study of aging

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9
Q

geriatrics

A

healthcare delivery of elderly

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10
Q

congevity

A

duration of life, mean and max measures

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11
Q

3 biological components

A

aging change theory suggests most occur commonly in all members of species
must be progressive and more obvious over time
must produce changes that cause organ dysfunction, system failure

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12
Q

Wear & Tear Theory

A

aging is programmed process, animals and cells have certain amounts of energy, quicker the energy production = faster death, experimental evidence, no conclusions, colder/strict diet lives longer than warmer, well-fed

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13
Q

Garbage Theory

A

“garbage” molecules interfere w/ normal cell functioning, cause damage in cell components like proteins and nucleic acid, accumulation of inert and reactive substances interfere with free radicals, lipofuscin/histones

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14
Q

Gene Theory

A

Aging is programmed, but is due to one or more harmful genes, genes only become active later in life, human lifespan is inherited trait, little firm evidence to support

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15
Q

3 changes in cells w/ aging

A

some cells no longer function
get bigger, lose surface area
DNA and RNA become unrecognizable

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16
Q

cells

A

basic unit of life, new cells arise from preexisting cells, contains plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm

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17
Q

healthy cell

A

area to volume ratio, smaller cell, larger surface area to make room for nutrients

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18
Q

plasma membrane

A

surrounds, delineates cell, phospholipid bilayer, embedded w/ proteins, contains cholesterol for support, selectively permeable, does not mix with water

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19
Q

cytoplasm

A

semi-fluid inside cells, contains organelles

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20
Q

organelles

A

specific cell function

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21
Q

DNA

A

cell blueprint

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22
Q

mitochondrion

A

powerhouse of the cell

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23
Q

dermis

A

thick, inner layer of skin, dense fibrous connective tissue, contains elastic, collagen fibers, blood vessels and sensory receptors, glands

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24
Q

epidermal changes

A

thinner with age, scaling off of cells, decrease in number of cells capable of pigment, age spots

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25
Q

fibroblasts

A

cells make fiber connective tissue

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26
Q

calcification

A

decreases resiliency

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27
Q

hypodermic changes

A

lose fat storage, bony look, loss of insulation, trouble keeping warm

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28
Q

lentigo

A

dark age spots on skin, senile freckles, increase of melanin, not malignant

29
Q

senile purpura

A

irregular purple patches, bruises formed by blood leaking from weakened capillaries, trauma, fade over time, contusion, bruise-look

30
Q

senile angiomas

A

elevated clusters of dilated capillaries appear as red spots, anywhere on body

31
Q

acrochordon

A

small pendulous growths, SKIN TAGS, hormonal imbalance

32
Q

senile pruritus

A

tiny cracks caused by dry skin, reduction of water content in skin, made worse by high temps and low humidity

33
Q

senile keratosis

A

red areas become scaly, yellow or brown

middle aged men, fair skin combined with sun, can be cancerous

34
Q

seborrheic keratosis

A

benign epidermal tumors, face, scalp, back, looks like wart, flesh-color

35
Q

herpes zoster

A

viral disease, SHINGLES, virus from chicken pox, hurts

36
Q

decubitus ulcers

A

BED SORES, pressure sores, bed-ridden elderly, wheelchair bound, deep ulcers can require surgery, lack of padding in skin

37
Q

skin cancer

A

originate in dermis/epidermis, can be benign, become malignant, skin cancers are classified, long-term exposed

38
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common form of cancer, develops in basal layer (below dermis), exposure to sunlight, most common with head and neck, rarely metastasize

39
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

less common than basal cell, usually malignant, dangerous, sunlight exposure

40
Q

malignant melanoma

A

most dangerous, develops in pigment cells of moles, remove suspect moles

41
Q

secondary skin cancer

A

originates somewhere else, detected in skin, spread occurs via blood/lymph tissue, people 50+

42
Q

two types of skeletal tissue

A

bone

cartilage

43
Q

major functions of skeletal system

A 
supports body
protects soft body parts
produces blood cells
stores minerals and fat
allows for movement by attaching muscles
44
Q

skeletal categories by shape

A

short
flat
irregular
long

45
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the bone made of compact bone and filled with yellow marrow

46
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of the bone made mostly of spongy bone

47
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage found on the ends of long bones

48
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat

49
Q

red bone marrow

A

makes red blood cells, spongy & flat bones

50
Q

periosteum

A

living, outer covering of fibrous connective tissue

51
Q

ligaments

A

fibrous connective tissue that connects bones

52
Q

compact bone

A

composed of osteons, contains living bone cells in chambers

53
Q

spongy bone

A

plates w/ spaces filled with red bone marrow

54
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

55
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain bone structure derived from osteoblasts

56
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone-absorbing cells

57
Q

chondrocytes

A

cartilage-forming cells

58
Q

cartilage

A

flexible, connective tissue

59
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

60
Q

hyaline

A

ends of long bones

61
Q

fibrocartilage

A

disks between vertebrae in back, stronger than hyaline

62
Q

elastic

A

ear flaps, more flexible

63
Q

bursitis

A

fluid-filled sacs lined with synovial membrane, causes inflammation

64
Q

arthritis

A

joint pain, first disease people think of for old people, changes in cartilage, swelling

65
Q

types of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis
rheumatoid
gouty

66
Q

osteoarthritis

A

most common, chronic, articular cartilage to generate
DJD
pain relief needed

67
Q

rheumatoid

A

begins at any age, most sever, autoimmune disease, cells fight each other

68
Q

gouty

A

excess uric acid buildup in blood, cuts apart joints, more common in men

69
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone density

factors like low calcium intake, low vitamin D, no exercise, low estrogen

Biology of Aging (2 decks)

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