Exam 1 Flashcards
reasons for living longer
nutrition lifestyle environmental factors genetics gender healthcare changes
chronological age
measured in years
physiological age
measured in functional capacity (doesn’t coincide with chronological)
homeostasis
functional ability
aging
process of growing old
senescence
biological aging, change in biology
senility
physical/mental deterioration
gerontology
study of aging
geriatrics
healthcare delivery of elderly
congevity
duration of life, mean and max measures
3 biological components
aging change theory suggests most occur commonly in all members of species
must be progressive and more obvious over time
must produce changes that cause organ dysfunction, system failure
Wear & Tear Theory
aging is programmed process, animals and cells have certain amounts of energy, quicker the energy production = faster death, experimental evidence, no conclusions, colder/strict diet lives longer than warmer, well-fed
Garbage Theory
“garbage” molecules interfere w/ normal cell functioning, cause damage in cell components like proteins and nucleic acid, accumulation of inert and reactive substances interfere with free radicals, lipofuscin/histones
Gene Theory
Aging is programmed, but is due to one or more harmful genes, genes only become active later in life, human lifespan is inherited trait, little firm evidence to support
3 changes in cells w/ aging
some cells no longer function
get bigger, lose surface area
DNA and RNA become unrecognizable
cells
basic unit of life, new cells arise from preexisting cells, contains plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm
healthy cell
area to volume ratio, smaller cell, larger surface area to make room for nutrients
plasma membrane
surrounds, delineates cell, phospholipid bilayer, embedded w/ proteins, contains cholesterol for support, selectively permeable, does not mix with water
cytoplasm
semi-fluid inside cells, contains organelles
organelles
specific cell function
DNA
cell blueprint
mitochondrion
powerhouse of the cell
dermis
thick, inner layer of skin, dense fibrous connective tissue, contains elastic, collagen fibers, blood vessels and sensory receptors, glands
epidermal changes
thinner with age, scaling off of cells, decrease in number of cells capable of pigment, age spots
fibroblasts
cells make fiber connective tissue
calcification
decreases resiliency
hypodermic changes
lose fat storage, bony look, loss of insulation, trouble keeping warm
lentigo
dark age spots on skin, senile freckles, increase of melanin, not malignant
senile purpura
irregular purple patches, bruises formed by blood leaking from weakened capillaries, trauma, fade over time, contusion, bruise-look
senile angiomas
elevated clusters of dilated capillaries appear as red spots, anywhere on body
acrochordon
small pendulous growths, SKIN TAGS, hormonal imbalance
senile pruritus
tiny cracks caused by dry skin, reduction of water content in skin, made worse by high temps and low humidity
senile keratosis
red areas become scaly, yellow or brown
middle aged men, fair skin combined with sun, can be cancerous
seborrheic keratosis
benign epidermal tumors, face, scalp, back, looks like wart, flesh-color
herpes zoster
viral disease, SHINGLES, virus from chicken pox, hurts
decubitus ulcers
BED SORES, pressure sores, bed-ridden elderly, wheelchair bound, deep ulcers can require surgery, lack of padding in skin
skin cancer
originate in dermis/epidermis, can be benign, become malignant, skin cancers are classified, long-term exposed
basal cell carcinoma
most common form of cancer, develops in basal layer (below dermis), exposure to sunlight, most common with head and neck, rarely metastasize
squamous cell carcinoma
less common than basal cell, usually malignant, dangerous, sunlight exposure
malignant melanoma
most dangerous, develops in pigment cells of moles, remove suspect moles
secondary skin cancer
originates somewhere else, detected in skin, spread occurs via blood/lymph tissue, people 50+
two types of skeletal tissue
bone
cartilage
major functions of skeletal system
supports body protects soft body parts produces blood cells stores minerals and fat allows for movement by attaching muscles
skeletal categories by shape
short
flat
irregular
long
diaphysis
shaft of the bone made of compact bone and filled with yellow marrow
epiphysis
ends of the bone made mostly of spongy bone
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage found on the ends of long bones
yellow bone marrow
stores fat
red bone marrow
makes red blood cells, spongy & flat bones
periosteum
living, outer covering of fibrous connective tissue
ligaments
fibrous connective tissue that connects bones
compact bone
composed of osteons, contains living bone cells in chambers
spongy bone
plates w/ spaces filled with red bone marrow
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain bone structure derived from osteoblasts
osteoclasts
bone-absorbing cells
chondrocytes
cartilage-forming cells
cartilage
flexible, connective tissue
types of cartilage
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
hyaline
ends of long bones
fibrocartilage
disks between vertebrae in back, stronger than hyaline
elastic
ear flaps, more flexible
bursitis
fluid-filled sacs lined with synovial membrane, causes inflammation
arthritis
joint pain, first disease people think of for old people, changes in cartilage, swelling
types of arthritis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid
gouty
osteoarthritis
most common, chronic, articular cartilage to generate
DJD
pain relief needed
rheumatoid
begins at any age, most sever, autoimmune disease, cells fight each other
gouty
excess uric acid buildup in blood, cuts apart joints, more common in men
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density
factors like low calcium intake, low vitamin D, no exercise, low estrogen
