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term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define Cell

A

The basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms

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2
Q

define anatomy

A

ANATOMY is the study of the systems and structure of the human body.

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3
Q

Cell Membrane

A

phospholipid barrier, selected permeablity

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

Known as the “powerhouses of the cell,” ATP production

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5
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny granules that synthesize proteins

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6
Q

Vacuoles

A

sacs that transport nutrients waste and water

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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

sacks of membrane that transport material into the cell

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8
Q

smooth vs rough er

A

rough = site where ribosomes attach
smooth = fat production

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9
Q

Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus)

A

stacks of flattened sacs collects process and package macromolecules

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10
Q

Centrioles

A

mircotubules that initiate cell division, pair of centrioles is called centrosome

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11
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A

molecules that has genetic information

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12
Q

Sanitization vs sterilization

A

sanitization = reducing the number of microorganisms on surfaces tthrough cleaning with soap and water or disinfectants.

sterilization = terilization is the rendering of an object completely bacteria free.

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13
Q

Contraindication

A

A condition which makes a particular treatment or procedure
potentially inadvisable. A contraindication may be ABSOLUTE or RELATIVE.

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14
Q

Pathogenic Bacteria

A

Bacteria that can cause disease or infection

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15
Q

Non-Pathogenic Bacteria

A

Bacteria that do not cause disease and may be beneficial, such as those aiding digestion or producing vitamins.

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16
Q

Immunity

A

The body’s ability to resist infection or disease

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17
Q

SupinePosition

A

laying on back

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18
Q

prone position

A

laying on front / chest

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19
Q

Cocci bacteria

A

round shaped bacteria
● appear singly or in groups
a. Staphylococci
Streptococci
c. Diplococci

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20
Q
  1. Bacilli
A

rod shaped bacteria

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21
Q

Spirilla

A

spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria

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22
Q

SIX PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

A

TYPHOID BACILLUS SHOWING FLAGELLA
TUBERCLE BACILLUS (Tuberculosis)
DIPHTHERIA BACILLUS
NFLUENZA BACILLUS
CHOLERA
TETANUS BACILLUS WITH SPORES

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23
Q

anatomy order

A

CELLS > TISSUES > ORGANS > BODY SYSTEMS > THE HUMAN BODY

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24
Q

PHYSIOLOGY

A

is the study of the functions of the systems and structures of the human body.

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25
Q

There are 6 essential life functions or processes that a cell carries out:

A

respiration , Responds to stimuli, Reproduction, metabolism, Anabolism , catabolism , movement

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26
Q

Anabolism

A
  • the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. During this phase, the body stores water, food and oxygen.
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27
Q

Catabolism

A
  • the process of breaking down larger molecules or substances into smaller ones. This releases energy within the cell, which is necessary for the performance of specific body functions, including muscular movements and digestion.
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28
Q

5 types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue, connective, nervous, muscle, liquid

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29
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers and lines body surfaces and internal organs.

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30
Q

Connective tissue

A

supports and holds body parts together. Examples are the dermis of the skin, bone, and cartilage.

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31
Q

Nervous tissue

A

controls body activities and allows for sensation and reaction. Examples are the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

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32
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contracts and expands when stimulated to produce movement. Examples include skeletal muscles.

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33
Q

Liquid tissue

A

transports nutrients, waste products and hormones. Examples are blood and lymph.

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34
Q

how many bones in THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

A

206

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35
Q

The study of bones is called ….

A

osteology.

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36
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

support, protect, movement, production of blood cells, storage of calcuim

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37
Q

how many bones in skull

A

29

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38
Q

describe 3 parts of muscle

A

c) Main Parts of Muscles
Origin
he end of the muscle attached to an immovable bone or another muscle.

Belly
the contractile portion found between the origin and insertion.
Insertion
the end of the muscle attached past a joint to a movable bone or another muscle.

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39
Q

Stages of Hair Growth

A

Anagen (Growth Phase)

Catagen (Transition Phase)
A short phase (2-3 weeks) where growth stops, and the follicle shrinks.

Telogen (Resting Phase)
A resting period (3-4 months) before the hair falls out and a new cycle begins.

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40
Q

define Anagen hair phase

A

(Growth Phase)
Active growth phase, lasting 2-7 years.

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41
Q

define catagen

A

Transition Phase
A short phase (2-3 weeks) where growth stops, and the follicle shrinks.

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42
Q

define telogen

A

Telogen (Resting Phase)
A resting period (3-4 months) before the hair falls out and a new cycle begins.

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43
Q

Corrugator Supercilii expression

A

frowning

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44
Q

Orbicularis Oculi muscle

A

Location: Surrounds the eye socket.
Expression: Enables blinking and squinting

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45
Q

Risorius

A

Location: Found at the corners of the mouth.
Expression: Produces a grimace or stretches the lips horizontally.

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46
Q

Zygomaticus expression

A

Location: Extends from the cheekbone to the corners of the mouth.
Expression: laughing

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47
Q

Levator Labii Superioris

A

Location: Found above the upper lip.
Expression: Raises the upper lip, creating a sneering expression.

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48
Q

mandible

A

Location: Lower jawbone.
Number: 1 (single bone).

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49
Q

frontal bones

A

Location: Forehead and upper part of the eye sockets.
Number: 1.

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50
Q

Occipital bone

A

Location: Back and base of the skull.
Number: 1.

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51
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

Location: Cheekbones.
Number: 2 (one on each side).

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52
Q

Temporal bones

A

Location: Sides and base of the skull, near the ears.
Number: 2 (one on each side

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53
Q

Definition of Fascia

A

A flat band of tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues and separates different layers of tissue. Fascia also encloses muscles.

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54
Q

how many craniel bones

A

8

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55
Q

how many facial bones

A

14

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56
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

6, the middle ear bones

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57
Q

malleus bones

A

2, also called hammers

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58
Q

how many incus bones

A

2 also called avils

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59
Q

How many stapes bones

A

2

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60
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

(7) - bones at the top of the spinal column that form the neck

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61
Q

There are three types of muscle tissue:

A

Cardiac - under involuntary control. The only example is the heart.
● Voluntary or striated - under voluntary control. An example is the bicep.
● Involuntary or non-striated - under involuntary control. An example is the uterus.

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62
Q

Nasalis muscle

A

overs the nose; it flares the nostrils.

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63
Q

Temporalis

A

extends from each temporal bone to the mandible; it closes the jaw and works with the masseter as a muscle of mastication.

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64
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

is a circular muscle around the mouth; it closes the lips, as in kissing.

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65
Q

What muscle is Levator labii superioris and what expression

A

is located above the upper lip; it produces the expression of distaste.

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66
Q

The Depressor labii inferioris location and expression

A

is located below the lower lip; it produces the expression of frowning

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67
Q

The Depressor anguli oris

A

is located below the corners of the lower lip; it produces the expression of sadness.

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68
Q

The Buccinator muscles

A

is located at the sides of the mouth; it produces dimples and blowing.

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69
Q

The Integumentary System

A

Comprises the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands. It protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.

70
Q

The Cardiovascular System

A

Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

71
Q

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

A

Cells in the blood that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and return carbon dioxide back to the lungs. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen.

72
Q

White blood cells (leucocytes/leukocytes)

A

help protect the body by fighting infection.

73
Q

what do Platelets (thrombocytes) do

A

aid in blood clotting.

74
Q

Arteries

A

are elastic, thick walled vessels. They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body tissues.

75
Q

Veins -

A

are less elastic and thinner than arteries. They carry deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart; they contain valves to prevent backflow.

76
Q

Capillaries -

A

are tiny, thin walled vessels. They join small arteries to small veins and allow for the diffusion of nutrients, wastes and oxygen.

77
Q

Lymphatic System

A

This system circulates lymph, a straw-coloured fluid that originates from blood plasma. It includes lymph, lymph vessels, lymph glands and lymph nodes; it does not include a pump, like the heart. Lymph travels through lymph capillaries and re-enters the blood vascular system in the chest area (terminus). Lymph nodes act as filters for the body where the lymph, containing white blood cells, fights infection.

78
Q

Neuron

A

is specially designed to receive and carry electrical and chemical impulses. Each has three important parts:
● Soma - the body of the cell.
● Dendrites - extend from the soma and pick up impulses from other nerve cells.
● Axon -the thread like extension that carries an impulse along to the synaptic bulb.

79
Q

sensory nerve

A

A type of nerve that carries sensory information (e.g., touch, temperature, pain) from the body to the brain and spinal cord.

80
Q

Motor Nerve

A

A type of nerve that transmits signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles, causing movement.

81
Q

The Path Food Travels Through the Body

A

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus.

82
Q

The Central Nervous System, or CNS

A

is composed of the brain and spinal cord. It controls all body actions.

82
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System, or PNS

A

is composed of sensory and motor nerves and sense organs. It carries messages to and from the central nervous system. This system is divided into two parts:

83
Q

how many pairs of crainial nerves

A

12

84
Q

the Fifth Cranial Nerve (Trigeminal Nerve)

A

A mixed nerve responsible for facial sensations (sensory) and chewing movements (motor). It has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular.

85
Q

The Seventh Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve)

A

A mixed nerve controlling facial expressions (motor), taste sensations from the front of the tongue (sensory), and glandular functions like salivation.

86
Q

Jugular Vein

A

A large vein in the neck that drains deoxygenated blood from the head and neck back to the heart.

87
Q

Common Carotid Artery

A

A major artery on each side of the neck that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the head and brain.

88
Q

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

A

The excretory system eliminates waste from the body.

89
Q

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

he respiratory system allows for the intake (inhalation) of oxygen into the bloodstream and the elimination (exhalation) of carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system consists of the respiratory tracts and the lung

90
Q

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to control all body activities. This system is composed of a series of endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers known as hormones into the bloodstream.

91
Q

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A

The reproductive system allows the body to produce offspring (children). This system becomes active during puberty and in women remains active until menopause.

92
Q

Performance Ingredients

A

Active ingredients in skincare or cosmetic products that target specific skin concerns, Example: Retinol, hyaluronic acid.

93
Q

Surfactants

A

Ingredients that reduce surface tension between substances, allowing oil and water to mix. Example: Sodium lauryl sulfate.

94
Q

Emulsifiers

A

keep oils and water blended in a product.
Example: Lecithin, polysorbates.

95
Q

Thickeners

A

Ingredients used to adjust the consistency of a product, making it more viscous or gel-like.
Example: Xanthan gum, carbomers.

96
Q

Emollients

A

ingredients that soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective barrier to retain moisture.
Example: Shea butter, jojoba oil.

97
Q

Functional Ingredients

A

Ingredients that provide structure, texture, or stability to a product rather than directly affecting the skin.
Example: Preservatives, emulsifiers.

98
Q

Cosmetic

A

Cosmetics are defined as “articles that are intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance.”

99
Q

Preservatives

A

Ingredients that prevent microbial growth and extend the shelf life of a product.
Example: Parabens, phenoxyethanol.

100
Q

chemsrty

A

is the scientific study of matter, the physical and chemical changes affecting matter
and the energy changes that accompany the processes.

101
Q

Biochemistry

A

is the study of chemical reactions, such as growth, reproduction and respiration, that occur in a living organism.

102
Q

Biochemical Reactions

A

chemical changes that take place in the body as it performs its many functions, most of the chemical reactions that take place within the body are organic chemical reactions.

103
Q

Organic chemicals

A

are those that contain carbon ( C ), the basic element in all living matter. Carbon ( C ) and Hydrogen (H) atoms bond together to form long chains that may also include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). These compounds form many molecules in the body.

104
Q

protiens

A

Proteins are chains of amino acids.

105
Q

Amino Acids

A

The building blocks of proteins, essential for various biological functions.

106
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

are amino acids that must be part of the diet because the body cannot manufacture them. Dietary sources of proteins include animal meats as well as fish, eggs, dairy products and beans. We have 9 essential amino acids.

107
Q

Non-Essential Amino Acids

A

are acids made from other bodily chemicals, they do not have to be obtained from eating protein.

108
Q

carbs

A

Organic compounds that provide energy to the body, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Example: Glucose, starch.

109
Q

lipids

A

Fatty compounds that store energy, form cell membranes, and serve as signaling molecules.
Example: Triglycerides, phospholipids.

110
Q

Hypoallergenic Cosmetics

A

Products formulated to minimize the risk of allergic reactions, often by excluding common allergens.

111
Q

Comedogenic Ingredients

A

Ingredients that can clog pores and contribute to the formation of comedones (blackheads or whiteheads).
Example: Coconut oil, lanolin.

112
Q

Ph FACTORS AND BUFFERING AGENTS

A

The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance and determines whether a product is acid or alkaline. Even at levels that are not very acidic or alkaline, variations in pH can damage the barrier function of the skin and cause irritation.

113
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the cranium?

A

The parietal bones

114
Q

Which bone forms the lower jaw?

A

mandible

115
Q

Advantages of Waxing

A

quick
- hair grows in tapered and soft
- regrowth takes approx. 2 to 4 weeks

116
Q

Depilation

A

is the process of removing hair at or near the surface of the skin e.g. are shaving, clipping and depilatory creams.

117
Q

Epilation

A

is the process of removing hair from the bottom of the hair follicle by breaking contact with the bulb and the dermal papilla e.g. waxing, tweezing, sugaring, electrolysis and threading.

118
Q

advantages/disadvetages of sugaring

A

advantages :- water soluble for easy removal - naturally antibacterial
disadvantages more expensive product
- not easily accessible
- difficult to perform on one’s self

119
Q

advantages/disadvetages of tweezing

A

+:very accurate (good for shaping)
-: time consuming for large areas - may be painful

120
Q

+- of threading

A

+ accurate - quick
- : not practical for large areas

121
Q

What is the gap that an impulse jumps between neurons called?

A

Synapse

122
Q

What are the wave-like contractions that move food along the digestive tract called?

A

Peristalsis

123
Q

This system is the study of bones.

A

Skeletal system

124
Q

What are chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream called?

A

Hormones

125
Q

This type of wax contains polymers that become entangled in the hair. It is not removed with strips.

A

hard wax

126
Q

What is the seventh cranial nerve; primary motor nerve of the face?

A

Facial nerve

127
Q

This vein carries blood from the head and neck to the heart.

A

Jugular vein

128
Q

This system allows for movement due to contraction.

A

Muscular system

129
Q

What are elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?

A

Arteries

130
Q

What are vessels that contain valves and carry blood back to the heart called?

A

viens

131
Q

This organ is a fist-sized muscular pump located in the chest cavity

A

heart

132
Q

What is the term for the “kneading” massage movement?

A

Petrissage

133
Q

What is the study of hair called?

A

Trichology

134
Q

This system secretes hormones into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine system

135
Q

Which tissue covers and lines body surfaces and internal organs

A

Epithelial

136
Q

This system forms the body’s physical frame

A

skeletal

137
Q

This system is comprised of the skin and its appendages

A

This system is comprised of the skin and its appendages

138
Q

Functional ingredients/Vehicles

A

is usually listed as the first ingredient, followed by
a spreading agent, then as a preservative and then

other ingredients that are present in smaller

amounts.

139
Q

Most effective way to stop the spread of
bacteria.

A

hand washing

140
Q

All massages begin and end with this.

A

Effleurage

141
Q

Massage movement used to produce heat.

A

Friction

142
Q

A kneading massage movement.

A

Petrissage

143
Q

study of hair

A

Trichology

144
Q

study of bones

A

osteology

145
Q

study of muscles

A

Myology

146
Q

study of nerves

A

neurology

147
Q

inferior nasal concha bones

A

(2) lateral walls of nasal cavity

148
Q

vomer bone

A

(1) divides nasal cavity

149
Q

palatine

A

(2) roof of mouth

150
Q

nasal bones

A

bridge of nose (2)

151
Q

zygomatic

A

cheek bones (2)

152
Q

lacrimal bones

A

(2) middle of eyes

153
Q

maxilla bones

A

(2) upper jaw

154
Q

manible

A

lower jaw (1)

155
Q

hyoid

A

floating bone holds the tonge

156
Q

Components that fill the intercellular spaces in the skin

A

lipids

157
Q

.Silicones are derived from minerals

A

true

158
Q

Microencapsulation

A

Protects the antioxidants
It is a bubble-like structure

159
Q

true or false Water is usually listed as a second ingredient

A

false, its the first ingriedent

160
Q

The temporal bones for the

A

sides of the cranium

161
Q

he muscles of mastication (chewing) are:

A

masseter and temporalis

162
Q

The chief motor nerve of the face is the:

A

seventh cranial nerve

163
Q

mentalis expression

A

pouting

164
Q

true or false Chelating agents are ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative.

A

true

165
Q

Detergents that are too strong or in too large a concentration can damage the lipid barrier function of the skin.

A

true

166
Q

Emollients and water are:

A

Functional ingredients
Performance ingredients

167
Q

A tissue is a group of………that performs a specific function:

A

cells

168
Q

The process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones is called

A

anabolism

169
Q

Origin of the muscle

A

he end of the muscle attached to an IMmovable bone or another muscle.

170
Q

belly of a muscle

A

the contractile portion found between the origin and insertion.
Insertion

171
Q

insertion of a muscle

A

the end of the muscle attached past a joint to a MOVEABLE bone or another muscle.

esthetics term 1 (1 decks)

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