term 1 Flashcards
define Cell
The basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms
define anatomy
ANATOMY is the study of the systems and structure of the human body.
Cell Membrane
phospholipid barrier, selected permeablity
Mitochondria
Known as the “powerhouses of the cell,” ATP production
ribosomes
tiny granules that synthesize proteins
Vacuoles
sacs that transport nutrients waste and water
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
sacks of membrane that transport material into the cell
smooth vs rough er
rough = site where ribosomes attach
smooth = fat production
Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus)
stacks of flattened sacs collects process and package macromolecules
Centrioles
mircotubules that initiate cell division, pair of centrioles is called centrosome
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
molecules that has genetic information
Sanitization vs sterilization
sanitization = reducing the number of microorganisms on surfaces tthrough cleaning with soap and water or disinfectants.
sterilization = terilization is the rendering of an object completely bacteria free.
Contraindication
A condition which makes a particular treatment or procedure
potentially inadvisable. A contraindication may be ABSOLUTE or RELATIVE.
Pathogenic Bacteria
Bacteria that can cause disease or infection
Non-Pathogenic Bacteria
Bacteria that do not cause disease and may be beneficial, such as those aiding digestion or producing vitamins.
Immunity
The body’s ability to resist infection or disease
SupinePosition
laying on back
prone position
laying on front / chest
Cocci bacteria
round shaped bacteria
● appear singly or in groups
a. Staphylococci
Streptococci
c. Diplococci
- Bacilli
rod shaped bacteria
Spirilla
spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria
SIX PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
TYPHOID BACILLUS SHOWING FLAGELLA
TUBERCLE BACILLUS (Tuberculosis)
DIPHTHERIA BACILLUS
NFLUENZA BACILLUS
CHOLERA
TETANUS BACILLUS WITH SPORES
anatomy order
CELLS > TISSUES > ORGANS > BODY SYSTEMS > THE HUMAN BODY
PHYSIOLOGY
is the study of the functions of the systems and structures of the human body.
There are 6 essential life functions or processes that a cell carries out:
respiration , Responds to stimuli, Reproduction, metabolism, Anabolism , catabolism , movement
Anabolism
- the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. During this phase, the body stores water, food and oxygen.
Catabolism
- the process of breaking down larger molecules or substances into smaller ones. This releases energy within the cell, which is necessary for the performance of specific body functions, including muscular movements and digestion.
5 types of tissue
Epithelial tissue, connective, nervous, muscle, liquid
Epithelial tissue
covers and lines body surfaces and internal organs.
Connective tissue
supports and holds body parts together. Examples are the dermis of the skin, bone, and cartilage.
Nervous tissue
controls body activities and allows for sensation and reaction. Examples are the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Muscle tissue
contracts and expands when stimulated to produce movement. Examples include skeletal muscles.
Liquid tissue
transports nutrients, waste products and hormones. Examples are blood and lymph.
how many bones in THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
206
The study of bones is called ….
osteology.
Functions of the skeletal system
support, protect, movement, production of blood cells, storage of calcuim
how many bones in skull
29
describe 3 parts of muscle
c) Main Parts of Muscles
Origin
he end of the muscle attached to an immovable bone or another muscle.
Belly
the contractile portion found between the origin and insertion.
Insertion
the end of the muscle attached past a joint to a movable bone or another muscle.
Stages of Hair Growth
Anagen (Growth Phase)
Catagen (Transition Phase)
A short phase (2-3 weeks) where growth stops, and the follicle shrinks.
Telogen (Resting Phase)
A resting period (3-4 months) before the hair falls out and a new cycle begins.
define Anagen hair phase
(Growth Phase)
Active growth phase, lasting 2-7 years.
define catagen
Transition Phase
A short phase (2-3 weeks) where growth stops, and the follicle shrinks.
define telogen
Telogen (Resting Phase)
A resting period (3-4 months) before the hair falls out and a new cycle begins.
Corrugator Supercilii expression
frowning
Orbicularis Oculi muscle
Location: Surrounds the eye socket.
Expression: Enables blinking and squinting
Risorius
Location: Found at the corners of the mouth.
Expression: Produces a grimace or stretches the lips horizontally.
Zygomaticus expression
Location: Extends from the cheekbone to the corners of the mouth.
Expression: laughing
Levator Labii Superioris
Location: Found above the upper lip.
Expression: Raises the upper lip, creating a sneering expression.
mandible
Location: Lower jawbone.
Number: 1 (single bone).
frontal bones
Location: Forehead and upper part of the eye sockets.
Number: 1.
Occipital bone
Location: Back and base of the skull.
Number: 1.
Zygomatic bone
Location: Cheekbones.
Number: 2 (one on each side).
Temporal bones
Location: Sides and base of the skull, near the ears.
Number: 2 (one on each side
Definition of Fascia
A flat band of tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues and separates different layers of tissue. Fascia also encloses muscles.
how many craniel bones
8
how many facial bones
14
Auditory Ossicles
6, the middle ear bones
malleus bones
2, also called hammers
how many incus bones
2 also called avils
How many stapes bones
2
Cervical vertebrae
(7) - bones at the top of the spinal column that form the neck
There are three types of muscle tissue:
Cardiac - under involuntary control. The only example is the heart.
● Voluntary or striated - under voluntary control. An example is the bicep.
● Involuntary or non-striated - under involuntary control. An example is the uterus.
Nasalis muscle
overs the nose; it flares the nostrils.
Temporalis
extends from each temporal bone to the mandible; it closes the jaw and works with the masseter as a muscle of mastication.
Orbicularis oris
is a circular muscle around the mouth; it closes the lips, as in kissing.
What muscle is Levator labii superioris and what expression
is located above the upper lip; it produces the expression of distaste.
The Depressor labii inferioris location and expression
is located below the lower lip; it produces the expression of frowning
The Depressor anguli oris
is located below the corners of the lower lip; it produces the expression of sadness.
The Buccinator muscles
is located at the sides of the mouth; it produces dimples and blowing.
The Integumentary System
Comprises the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands. It protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.
The Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Cells in the blood that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and return carbon dioxide back to the lungs. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen.
White blood cells (leucocytes/leukocytes)
help protect the body by fighting infection.
what do Platelets (thrombocytes) do
aid in blood clotting.
Arteries
are elastic, thick walled vessels. They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body tissues.
Veins -
are less elastic and thinner than arteries. They carry deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart; they contain valves to prevent backflow.
Capillaries -
are tiny, thin walled vessels. They join small arteries to small veins and allow for the diffusion of nutrients, wastes and oxygen.
Lymphatic System
This system circulates lymph, a straw-coloured fluid that originates from blood plasma. It includes lymph, lymph vessels, lymph glands and lymph nodes; it does not include a pump, like the heart. Lymph travels through lymph capillaries and re-enters the blood vascular system in the chest area (terminus). Lymph nodes act as filters for the body where the lymph, containing white blood cells, fights infection.
Neuron
is specially designed to receive and carry electrical and chemical impulses. Each has three important parts:
● Soma - the body of the cell.
● Dendrites - extend from the soma and pick up impulses from other nerve cells.
● Axon -the thread like extension that carries an impulse along to the synaptic bulb.
sensory nerve
A type of nerve that carries sensory information (e.g., touch, temperature, pain) from the body to the brain and spinal cord.
Motor Nerve
A type of nerve that transmits signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles, causing movement.
The Path Food Travels Through the Body
Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus.
The Central Nervous System, or CNS
is composed of the brain and spinal cord. It controls all body actions.
The Peripheral Nervous System, or PNS
is composed of sensory and motor nerves and sense organs. It carries messages to and from the central nervous system. This system is divided into two parts:
how many pairs of crainial nerves
12
the Fifth Cranial Nerve (Trigeminal Nerve)
A mixed nerve responsible for facial sensations (sensory) and chewing movements (motor). It has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular.
The Seventh Cranial Nerve (Facial Nerve)
A mixed nerve controlling facial expressions (motor), taste sensations from the front of the tongue (sensory), and glandular functions like salivation.
Jugular Vein
A large vein in the neck that drains deoxygenated blood from the head and neck back to the heart.
Common Carotid Artery
A major artery on each side of the neck that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the head and brain.
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The excretory system eliminates waste from the body.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
he respiratory system allows for the intake (inhalation) of oxygen into the bloodstream and the elimination (exhalation) of carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system consists of the respiratory tracts and the lung
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to control all body activities. This system is composed of a series of endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers known as hormones into the bloodstream.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The reproductive system allows the body to produce offspring (children). This system becomes active during puberty and in women remains active until menopause.
Performance Ingredients
Active ingredients in skincare or cosmetic products that target specific skin concerns, Example: Retinol, hyaluronic acid.
Surfactants
Ingredients that reduce surface tension between substances, allowing oil and water to mix. Example: Sodium lauryl sulfate.
Emulsifiers
keep oils and water blended in a product.
Example: Lecithin, polysorbates.
Thickeners
Ingredients used to adjust the consistency of a product, making it more viscous or gel-like.
Example: Xanthan gum, carbomers.
Emollients
ingredients that soften and smooth the skin by forming a protective barrier to retain moisture.
Example: Shea butter, jojoba oil.
Functional Ingredients
Ingredients that provide structure, texture, or stability to a product rather than directly affecting the skin.
Example: Preservatives, emulsifiers.
Cosmetic
Cosmetics are defined as “articles that are intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance.”
Preservatives
Ingredients that prevent microbial growth and extend the shelf life of a product.
Example: Parabens, phenoxyethanol.
chemsrty
is the scientific study of matter, the physical and chemical changes affecting matter
and the energy changes that accompany the processes.
Biochemistry
is the study of chemical reactions, such as growth, reproduction and respiration, that occur in a living organism.
Biochemical Reactions
chemical changes that take place in the body as it performs its many functions, most of the chemical reactions that take place within the body are organic chemical reactions.
Organic chemicals
are those that contain carbon ( C ), the basic element in all living matter. Carbon ( C ) and Hydrogen (H) atoms bond together to form long chains that may also include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). These compounds form many molecules in the body.
protiens
Proteins are chains of amino acids.
Amino Acids
The building blocks of proteins, essential for various biological functions.
Essential Amino Acids
are amino acids that must be part of the diet because the body cannot manufacture them. Dietary sources of proteins include animal meats as well as fish, eggs, dairy products and beans. We have 9 essential amino acids.
Non-Essential Amino Acids
are acids made from other bodily chemicals, they do not have to be obtained from eating protein.
carbs
Organic compounds that provide energy to the body, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Example: Glucose, starch.
lipids
Fatty compounds that store energy, form cell membranes, and serve as signaling molecules.
Example: Triglycerides, phospholipids.
Hypoallergenic Cosmetics
Products formulated to minimize the risk of allergic reactions, often by excluding common allergens.
Comedogenic Ingredients
Ingredients that can clog pores and contribute to the formation of comedones (blackheads or whiteheads).
Example: Coconut oil, lanolin.
Ph FACTORS AND BUFFERING AGENTS
The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance and determines whether a product is acid or alkaline. Even at levels that are not very acidic or alkaline, variations in pH can damage the barrier function of the skin and cause irritation.
Which bone forms the roof of the cranium?
The parietal bones
Which bone forms the lower jaw?
mandible
Advantages of Waxing
quick
- hair grows in tapered and soft
- regrowth takes approx. 2 to 4 weeks
Depilation
is the process of removing hair at or near the surface of the skin e.g. are shaving, clipping and depilatory creams.
Epilation
is the process of removing hair from the bottom of the hair follicle by breaking contact with the bulb and the dermal papilla e.g. waxing, tweezing, sugaring, electrolysis and threading.
advantages/disadvetages of sugaring
advantages :- water soluble for easy removal - naturally antibacterial
disadvantages more expensive product
- not easily accessible
- difficult to perform on one’s self
advantages/disadvetages of tweezing
+:very accurate (good for shaping)
-: time consuming for large areas - may be painful
+- of threading
+ accurate - quick
- : not practical for large areas
What is the gap that an impulse jumps between neurons called?
Synapse
What are the wave-like contractions that move food along the digestive tract called?
Peristalsis
This system is the study of bones.
Skeletal system
What are chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream called?
Hormones
This type of wax contains polymers that become entangled in the hair. It is not removed with strips.
hard wax
What is the seventh cranial nerve; primary motor nerve of the face?
Facial nerve
This vein carries blood from the head and neck to the heart.
Jugular vein
This system allows for movement due to contraction.
Muscular system
What are elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?
Arteries
What are vessels that contain valves and carry blood back to the heart called?
viens
This organ is a fist-sized muscular pump located in the chest cavity
heart
What is the term for the “kneading” massage movement?
Petrissage
What is the study of hair called?
Trichology
This system secretes hormones into the bloodstream.
Endocrine system
Which tissue covers and lines body surfaces and internal organs
Epithelial
This system forms the body’s physical frame
skeletal
This system is comprised of the skin and its appendages
This system is comprised of the skin and its appendages
Functional ingredients/Vehicles
is usually listed as the first ingredient, followed by
a spreading agent, then as a preservative and then
other ingredients that are present in smaller
amounts.
Most effective way to stop the spread of
bacteria.
hand washing
All massages begin and end with this.
Effleurage
Massage movement used to produce heat.
Friction
A kneading massage movement.
Petrissage
study of hair
Trichology
study of bones
osteology
study of muscles
Myology
study of nerves
neurology
inferior nasal concha bones
(2) lateral walls of nasal cavity
vomer bone
(1) divides nasal cavity
palatine
(2) roof of mouth
nasal bones
bridge of nose (2)
zygomatic
cheek bones (2)
lacrimal bones
(2) middle of eyes
maxilla bones
(2) upper jaw
manible
lower jaw (1)
hyoid
floating bone holds the tonge
Components that fill the intercellular spaces in the skin
lipids
.Silicones are derived from minerals
true
Microencapsulation
Protects the antioxidants
It is a bubble-like structure
true or false Water is usually listed as a second ingredient
false, its the first ingriedent
The temporal bones for the
sides of the cranium
he muscles of mastication (chewing) are:
masseter and temporalis
The chief motor nerve of the face is the:
seventh cranial nerve
mentalis expression
pouting
true or false Chelating agents are ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative.
true
Detergents that are too strong or in too large a concentration can damage the lipid barrier function of the skin.
true
Emollients and water are:
Functional ingredients
Performance ingredients
A tissue is a group of………that performs a specific function:
cells
The process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones is called
anabolism
Origin of the muscle
he end of the muscle attached to an IMmovable bone or another muscle.
belly of a muscle
the contractile portion found between the origin and insertion.
Insertion
insertion of a muscle
the end of the muscle attached past a joint to a MOVEABLE bone or another muscle.
