Term 1 Flashcards
Explain how the dipole nature of h20 is essential for living organisms (give 5 ways )
• water can form hydrogen bonds that hold water together so that it can move in
mass flow systems
• water is a solvent so dissolved substances can be transported in water
• high latent heat of vaporisation so large amounts of heat needed to evaporate
water it allows organisms to cool themselves without losing great deals of water
• thermal buffer needs a lot of energy to change the temperature
• surface tension in pond when water meets air
When 2 alpha glucose react what is made and what product is made what is the
reaction called
A disaccharide-maltose
Water is made through a condensation reaction
2 alpha glucose make what disaccharide
Maltose
How do you make sucrose - a disaccharide
Glucose + fructose
How do you make lactose- a disaccharide
Glucose+ galactose
How do you make a triglyceride
One glycerol and 3 fatty acids
When a glycerol and 3 fatty acids form to make a triglyceride what bond is formed
An ester, called esterfication
In the digestive system what enzyme breaks the ester bond
Lipase, releasing glycerol and fatty acid molecules
Are triglycerides hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Hydrophobic, don’t dissolve in water
What’s the difference between triglycerides and phospholipids
Phospholipids have a glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group is negatively charged and is polar which makes the phosphate group hydrophilic so phospholipids contain both. A hydrophobic and hydrophilic region
How do phospholipids behave in water and what is the structure called
Hydrophilic head groups can interact with water molecules (so heads positioned outwards) and hydrophobic Tamils cluster together away from the water (inwards)
Structure called phospholipid bilayer
What are the two different types of protein and give some dentail
Globular proteins- hydrophilic amino acids on surface and hydrophobic amino acids in centre making it soluble in water some examples can be in enzymes haemoglobin and hormones
Fibrous proteins- play more of a structural role in bones tendons and arteries
What shape does a globular and fibrous protein have
Globular is a spherical shape with hydrophilic amino acids on surface and hydrophobic in centre
Fibrous is more like ropes
Give 3 examples of fibrous proteins
Collagen- very strong as polypeptide chains wrap tightly together to form a triple helix, every 3rd amino acid has glycine and glycines R group has Hydrogen which can create many hydrogen bonds which can stabilise the quaternary structure .Glycine is the smallest R group allowing collagen polypeptides to wrap around very tightly
Keratin- extremely strong insoluble in water long stranded molecule has high levels of cysteine which forms lots of disulfide bonds (strong covalent bonds) making it strong
Elastin- long strand of hydrophobic regions has cross links so in things like arteries it can expand recoil and contract
What’s some differences in globular and fibrous proteins
Globular- spherical shape with hydrophobic amino acids in centre and hydrophilic amino acids on surface making it soluble in water
Fibrous protein- plays more of a structural role has long rope like shape has hydrophobic R groups making it insoluble in water
