Teratology

Question 1

What do we mean my minor anomalies?

Answer 1

Don’t need surgery and aren’t really going to impact their health.

Small years, pigmentation, etc.

Question 2

If a baby has 1 minor anomaly, or 2, or 3, what are their chances of having a major one (needs surgery)?

Answer 2

1 = 3% chance of having a major malformation

2 = 10% chance

3 = 20% chance

Question 3

Ruebella is linked to this birth defect

Answer 3

Congenital cataracts

We also see glaucoma, heart defects, deafness, tooth abnormalities.

(Think of an old person, nad teeth, can’t hear, can’t see, heart’s fucked up)

Question 4

1-2 % of infants exposed to Valproic acid will develop __________

Answer 4

Spina bifida or other neural tube defects

Question 5

When is the highest risk of inducing a birth defect?

Answer 5

Embryonic period from 3 - 5 weeks gestation, with the highest risk being at 5 weeks. Steady downhill slope after 5 weeks.

Question 6

Why are the first two weeks of conceptus not considered with teratogenesis?

Answer 6

First two weeks, the conceptus is not that sensitive, but there is still a high rate of lethality instead of teratogenesis.

At Day 13 is when the placental blood flow is beginning and blood starts to exchange between mother and embryo. The risk begins after this for danger.

Question 7

Cytomegalovirus causes what congenital malformations?

Answer 7

Infection is often fatal. If not, it’ll be damn close:

Microcephaly, blindness, mental retardation

Question 8

Herpes Simplex virus causes what congenital malformations?

Answer 8

Micropthalmia, microcephaly, retinal dysplasia

Question 9

Hyperthermia can cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 9

Anencephaly, spina bifida, mental retardation, facial defects, cardiac abnormalities, limb defects

Question 10

X-rays cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 10

Microcephaly, spina bifida, cleft palate, limb defects

Question 11

Thalinomide causes what congenital malformations?

Answer 11

Limb defects, heart malformations

Question 12

Amphetamines cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 12

Cleft lip and palate, heart defects

Question 13

Cocaine cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 13

Growth retardation, microcephaly

Question 14

Lead cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 14

Growth retardation, neurological disorders

Question 15

Alcohol cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 15

Fetal alcohol syndrome, heart defects, mental retardation

Question 16

Retinoic Acid cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 16

Hydro or microcephaly, intellectual disabilities, ear and eye issues, facial abnormalities like cleft lip and palate, and heart defects.

Occurs when taking it during weeks 3 - 5

Question 17

Why might a pregnant woman have thalidomide in her system?

Answer 17

Prescribed to pregnant women as a sedative and treatment for morning sickness. Even a single dose was enough to cause congenital malformations, and the highest risk was during 3 and 8 weeks.

Question 18

Why do we use Statins and what is the deal with their use in pregnancy?

Answer 18

Hyperlipidemia treatment.

The original idea was that we needed to limit the cholesterol in a woman’s body in order to not overproduce steroid hormones in fetal blood. But there are teratogenic effects, so don’t use em if you’re preggers.

Question 19

What are the characteristic features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Answer 19

• Depressed nasal bridge
• Short nose
• Flat midface
• Indistinct philtrum
• Thin upper lip

Leading cause of mental retardation

Question 20

Androgenic agents cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 20

Masculinization of female genitalia

Question 21

Synthetic estrogen cause what congenital malformations?

Answer 21

Malformation of the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina.

Can also lead to vaginal cancer and malformed testes

Question 22

This supplement can help reduce incidence of neural tube defects

Answer 22

Folate