teratogens and their effects on fetus

Question 1

ace inhibitors

Answer 1

renal damage

Question 2

alkylating agents

Answer 2

absence of digits

Question 3

aminoglycosides

Answer 3

CN 8 toxicity

Question 4

carbamazepine

Answer 4

neural tube defects; craniofacial defects; fingernail hypoplasia

Question 5

DES

Answer 5

diethylstilbestrol

vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomalies

Question 6

folate antagonists

Answer 6

neural tube defects

Question 7

lithium

Answer 7

atrialized right ventricle (ebstein anomaly)

Question 8

methimazole

Answer 8

aplasia cutis congenita

Question 9

phenytoin

Answer 9

fetal hydantoin syndrome

Question 10

fetal hydantoin syndrome

Answer 10

due to phenytoin medication

microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, intellectual impairment

Question 11

tetracyclines

Answer 11

discolored teeth (teethracyclines)

Question 12

thalidomide

Answer 12

limb defects (thalimbdomide)
"flipper limbs" = phocomelia, micromelia

Question 13

valproate

Answer 13

inhibits maternal folate absorption –> neural tube defects

Question 14

warfarin

Answer 14

bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophthalmic abnormalities
use HEPARIN with pregnancy

Question 15

alcohol

Answer 15

fetal alcohol syndrome

birth defects and intellectual disability

Question 16

cocaine

Answer 16

abnormal fetal growth and fetal addiction

Question 17

smoking/nicotine

Answer 17

low birth weight

preterm labor, placental issues, IUGR, ADHD

Question 18

iodine

Answer 18

lack (congenital goiter) or excess (hypothyroidism/cretinism)

Question 19

maternal diabetes

Answer 19

caudal regression syndrome, congenital heart defects, neural tube defects

Question 20

excess vitamin A

Answer 20

risk of spontaneous abortion and defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)

Question 21

xrays

Answer 21

microcephaly, intellectual disability