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Foundations > Teratogenesis, Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Teratogenesis, Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Ace inhibitors

A

Renal malformations

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2
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

CN VIII toxicity

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3
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Cartilage damage

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4
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Discolored teeth

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5
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Ear/facial anomalies, limb hypoplasia, absence of digits

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6
Q

MTX

A

NTDs, abortion

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7
Q

Carbamazepine

A

NTDs

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8
Q

Valproic acid

A

NTDs

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9
Q

Phenytoin

A

Fetal hydantoin syndrome

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10
Q

Lithium

A

Ebstein anomaly (atrialized RV)

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11
Q

Statins

A

CNS and limb abnormalities

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12
Q

Warfarin

A

Facial/limb/CNS anomalies, spontaneous abortion

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13
Q

Isotretinoin

A

High risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)

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14
Q

DES

A

Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

Thalidomide

A

Limb defects: Phocomelia, micromelia (flipper limbs)

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16
Q

Category X drugs

A

MTX, statins, warfarin, isotretinoin, des, thalidomide

17
Q

Ionizing radiation (XR, CT)

A

Microcephaly, intellectual disability

18
Q

Maternal diabetes

A

Caudal regression syndrome

Congenital heart defects

19
Q

Idoine deficiency

A

Cretinism or congenital goiter

20
Q

Cocaine, tobacco

A

IUGR (interfere w/blood flow to fetus)

Neonatal addiction, withdrawal

21
Q

Alcohol

A 
Intellectual disability
Developmental retardation
Microcephaly
Holoprosencephaly
Facial abnormalities (smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures, hypertelorism)
Limb dislocation
Heart defects
22
Q

Homeobox (HOX) genes

A

Blueprint for skeletal morphology

Code for transcription regulators

23
Q

HOX mutation

A

Appendage in wrong location, synpolydactyly eg.

Can be altered by Vitamin A

24
Q

Sonic hedgehog gene

A

Involved in pattering anterior-posterior axis
Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity
Involved in CNS development

25
Q

Mutation in sonic hedgehog

A

Holoprosencephaly

26
Q

Wnt-7 gene

A

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge

Important for organization along dorsal-ventral axis

27
Q

FGF gene

A

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge

Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm - lengthening of limbs

28
Q

Apical ectodermal ridge

A

Thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developming limb

29
Q

What is important for organization along dorsal ventral axis

A

Wnt-7 gene

30
Q

What is important for organization along anterior-posterior axis

A

Sonic hedgehog

31
Q

What is important for organization of embryo craniocaudal direction

32
Q

What antibiotics are teratogenic

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Fluoroquinolones

33
Q

When does fetal movement appear?

34
Q

When is fetal cardiac activity visible on ultrasound

35
Q

When do genitalia start to have male/female characteristics

Foundations (3 decks)

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