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Foundations > Foundations 1 > Flashcards

Foundations 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of blastocyst

A

Inner cell mass

Trophoblast

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2
Q

What day does implantation take place

A

~Day 6

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3
Q

What does trophoblast become

A

Placenta

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4
Q

What does ICM become

A

Fetus

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5
Q

What does trophoblast further specialize into

A

Inner cytotrophoblast

Outer syncytiotrophoblast

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6
Q

What secretes hCG

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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7
Q

What does trophoblast form after implantation

A

Chorion - grows vili that grow into endometrium and become fetal component of placenta

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8
Q

What is the decidua basalis

A

Maternal component of placenta

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9
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass in week 2

A

Becomes a two layer structure of epiblast and hypoblast

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10
Q

What happens to epiblast in week 3?

A

Becomes a trilaminar disc w/ecto meso and endoderm

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11
Q

What is weeks 3-8 called

A

Embryonic period

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12
Q

What does neural crest arise from

A

Ectoderm, from neural tube

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13
Q

What forms the notochord

A

At end of 3rd week w/3 layers, Some mesoderm forms a dense core called notochord

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14
Q

What does notochord do

A

Induces some ectoderm above it to form neural plate

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15
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic NS (CN X, sympathetic ganglia), dorsal root ganglia, sensory nerves, schwann cells, CNs

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16
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in ear

A

Ossicles of middle ear

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17
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in eye

A

Anterior chamber (cornea, sclera, ciliary muscle, iris)

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18
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in adrenal gland

A

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

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19
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in mouth

A

Odontoblasts (development of teeth dentin)

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20
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in heart

A

Aorticopulmonary septum

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21
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in digestive system

A

Enteric nervous system, celiac ganglion, enterochromaffin cells

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22
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in thyroid

A

Parafollicular C cells

23
Q

What neural crest derivatives are found in skin?

A

Melanocytes

24
Q

What does neuroectoderm give rise to

A 
Brain and spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal clels
Optic nerve, retina
Pineal gland
Posterior pituitary
25
Q

What does surface ectoderm give rise to

A 
Lenses of eye
Olfactory epithelium
Inner ear
Anterior pituitary
Oral epithelium
Salivary glands
Epidermis
Sweat and mammary glands
Anal canal distal to pectinate line
26
Q

Endodermal structures

A 
GI tract (esophagus to pectinate line)
Liver, gb, pancreas
Lungs
Thymus
PT glands
Follicular cells of thyroid
Epithelium of bladder, urethra, and lower 2/3 of vagina
27
Q

Mesodermal structures

A 
Bone, muscle, bone marrow, blood cells, heart, blood vessels, lymphatics
Upper portion of vagina
Kidneys, adrenal cortex
Gonads
Dermis of skin
28
Q

Fetal placental structure that secretes hCG

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

29
Q

Maternal component of placenta

A

Decidua basalis

30
Q

Embryologic origin of anterior pituitary

A

Surface ectoderm

31
Q

Embryologic origin of cornea

A

Neural crest

32
Q

Embryologic origin of lens

A

Surface ectoderm

33
Q

Embryologic origin of retina

A

Neuroectoderm

34
Q

Embryologic origin of olfactory epithelium

A

Surface ectoderm

35
Q

Embryologic origin of mammary, salivary, and sweat glands

A

Surface ectoderm

36
Q

What do ecto, endo, and mesoderm derive from?

A

Epiblast

37
Q

What develops in week 4 of embryogenesis

A

4 chambered heart, 4 limb buds

38
Q

What happens in week 8 of embryogenesis

A

Fetal movement

39
Q

What happens in week 10 of embryogenesis

A

Genitalia have male/female characteristics

40
Q

When is fetal cardiac activity visible in ultrasound

A

Week 6

41
Q

What are some category X drugs

A

MTX, statins, warfarin, isotretinoin, DES, thalidomide

42
Q

Which amino acids can be modified by golgi apparatus?

A

Asparagine, serine, and threonine

43
Q

Peroxisome function

A

beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids and branched chain fatty acids
Synthesis of plasmalogens (important phospholipids found abundantly in myelin)
Contain oxidases and catalase for metabolizing EtOH

44
Q

What must be present on protein in order to gain entry to nucleus

A

Nuclear localization signal

45
Q

Which cyclin-cdk complexes assist in G1–> S phase?

A

Cyclin D+CDK4

Cyclin E + CDK2

46
Q

Which cyclin-cdk complexes assist in G2–> M phase?

A

Cyclin A+ CDK2

Cyclin B+ CDK1

47
Q

What are the 3 methods a cell uses to break down proteins

A
  1. Lysosomal degradation
  2. Proteasomal degradation
  3. Calcium-dependent enzymes
48
Q

What does Vimentin stain for

A

Connective tissue - Sarcomas

49
Q

What does desmin stain for

A

desMin = Muscle - myosarcoma

50
Q

What does cytokeratin stain for

A

Epithelial cells - carcinoma

51
Q

What does GFAP stain for

A

Neuroglia -> astrocytoma, glioblastoma

52
Q

What does neurofilament stain stain for

A

Neurons - neuroblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor

53
Q

What is vimentin

A

An intermediate filament

54
Q

What drugs act on microtubules?

A 
Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly
Mebendazole
Griseofulvin
Colchicine
Vincristine/Vinblastine
Paclitaxil

Foundations (3 decks)

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