Teori2 Flashcards
What is the main goal of distribution management?
To efficiently move goods from production to consumption points while minimizing costs and maximizing customer satisfaction.
Name three dimensions of sustainability in logistics.
Environmental, Social, and Economical.
What does ‘city logistics’ refer to?
Goods transport within urban areas, including service, construction, waste, and private transports.
Define ‘multimodal transport’.
Combining several types of transport to use the most efficient mode for each part of the journey.
What is cross-docking in a distribution center?
Unloading inbound goods and immediately reloading them for outbound delivery, with or without registration in inventory.
What are ‘Incoterms’?
International commercial terms defining responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade.
What is a ‘physical distribution channel’?
The method used to distribute goods from the point of production to the point of consumption.
What is a ‘trade or transaction channel’?
Intangible flows between factory and wholesaler or consumer, like negotiations and buying and selling.
What does ‘postponement’ mean in logistics?
Delaying final product configuration until closer to the customer demand.
What is a ‘first-party logistics’ provider (1PL)?
A company that handles its own logistics.
What is a ‘third-party logistics’ provider (3PL)?
A company that provides outsourced logistics services.
What is a ‘fourth-party logistics’ provider (4PL)?
A company that manages other logistics service providers.
What is the ‘Traveling Salesman Problem’ (TSP)?
Finding the shortest possible route that visits each node and returns to the origin.
What is the ‘Vehicle Routing Problem’ (VRP)?
Determining optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles to serve multiple customers.
What is a ‘heuristic’ in the context of optimization?
A problem-solving approach that finds a good solution, but not necessarily the best one, in a reasonable time.
Describe the ‘savings heuristic’ for VRP.
A method to merge customers into routes based on how much is saved by combining them.
What are the key differences between strategic, tactical, and operational planning in logistics?
Strategic is long-term (3-5 years), tactical is mid-term (1-2 years), and operational is short-term (daily to 1 year).
What is the significance of a Bill of Materials (BOM)?
A list of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, and components needed to manufacture a product.
What does LCA stand for?
Life Cycle Assessment.
What is the focus of ‘reverse logistics’?
Managing the flow of goods from the consumer back to the manufacturer or supplier.
What is the difference between ‘trans-shipment’ and ‘flow-through’ in a distribution center?
Trans-shipment is when the order is already packaged for delivery, flow-through involves some sorting or break bulk when the order is received.
What is ‘merge-in-transit’?
Adding current inventory to an incoming order at the distribution center.
What are some of the external factors that affect distribution decisions?
Available modes of transport.
What are some of the key questions that need to be addressed when making distribution decisions?
How we transport our materials and goods, what mode of transport should we use?
What are the main goals of distribution planning according to Rushton et al.?
Meeting customer needs, striving for rewarding collaborations, reaching determined service levels, minimizing logistics and total costs, and getting fast and accurate information and feedback.
What are the main packaging criteria for primary packaging?
Safety and protection of the product.
What are the main packaging criteria for secondary packaging?
Display and marketing.
What are the main packaging criteria for tertiary packaging?
Logistics and transportation.
How can packaging affect transportation costs?
Through its size, weight, and protection level.
How can packaging influence sustainability in logistics?
Through the amount of material used, recyclability and reusability.
What is the goal of a strategic network planning model?
To maximize (long-term) profitability.
What is the role of information systems in transportation?
To coordinate the transport system.
Name four main transportation modes.
Road, air, sea, and rail.
Which transport mode has the lowest cost per ton-kilometer?
Sea.
Which transport mode has the fastest delivery time?
Air.
Which transport mode is most flexible in routing and time?
Road.
What are the main components of transport costs?
Direct transport costs, other transport costs, time and distance costs, and fixed costs.
What are the different types of costs associated with terminals?
Fixed costs and variable costs.
What are the main factors affecting transport pricing?
Volume of goods, fill rate, loading/unloading, density, weight/volume, and the physical form of goods.
What is the significance of ‘time windows’ in urban logistics?
Limiting heavy transport times in cities.
What is ‘off-hour/off-peak delivery’?
Deliveries made outside of normal business hours.
What are the main challenges of last-mile logistics in e-commerce?
Time windows, access, and parking.
How does e-commerce impact supply chain sustainability?
Can have both positive and negative impacts.
How do returns affect inventory management?
By impacting the production rate, warehouse functions and the need for reverse logistics.
According to Azzi et al. (2012), what are the five areas that drive packaging design?
Safety, marketing, logistics, sustainability and ergonomics.
What are the main aspects considered in the vehicle routing problem?
A network of cities, a set of depots, customers with known demand, and capacitated vehicles.
What is the goal of the basic vehicle routing problem (VRP)?
To minimize the cost of delivery.
What are the main decision variables in the VRP model?
Whether a vehicle uses a link from i to j and whether customer i is served by vehicle k.
What are the main constraints in the basic VRP?
Each customer is served by exactly one vehicle, vehicle capacities should be respected, and no tours can exist that do not connect to the depot.
What is the role of the objective function in the VRP?
To minimize the costs associated with routes.
What is the purpose of ‘subtour elimination constraints’ in TSP and VRP?
To ensure that the solution does not include disconnected loops.
What is the difference between the TSP and VRP?
VRP is a generalization of TSP with multiple vehicles.
What is a ‘core’ in cooperative game theory?
A set of cost allocations that are stable and no subset of players will choose to leave the collaboration.
What is the ‘Shapley value’ in game theory?
A method to fairly allocate costs among players based on their marginal contribution.
What is the ‘nearest neighbor’ heuristic for the TSP?
A simple approach that starts from a node and goes to the nearest node until all nodes have been visited.
What is meant by “imputation” in cost allocation?
A way to allocate costs in a coalition.
What are some of the challenges associated with off-hour deliveries?
Industry segments, incentives, and financing.
What does “urbanization” mean and how does it affect logistics?
The process of people migrating to urban areas, which leads to an increase in demand for transportation and logistics services.
What are the main differences between a physical distribution channel and a trade or transaction channel?
The former focuses on the physical movement of goods, the latter on the intangible flows.
What are the main challenges associated with e-trade in the context of logistics?
High level of returns, consolidation planning, inventory management and the need for fast deliveries.
