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TNK124 > Teori2 > Flashcards

Teori2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main goal of distribution management?

A

To efficiently move goods from production to consumption points while minimizing costs and maximizing customer satisfaction.

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2
Q

Name three dimensions of sustainability in logistics.

A

Environmental, Social, and Economical.

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3
Q

What does ‘city logistics’ refer to?

A

Goods transport within urban areas, including service, construction, waste, and private transports.

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4
Q

Define ‘multimodal transport’.

A

Combining several types of transport to use the most efficient mode for each part of the journey.

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5
Q

What is cross-docking in a distribution center?

A

Unloading inbound goods and immediately reloading them for outbound delivery, with or without registration in inventory.

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6
Q

What are ‘Incoterms’?

A

International commercial terms defining responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade.

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7
Q

What is a ‘physical distribution channel’?

A

The method used to distribute goods from the point of production to the point of consumption.

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8
Q

What is a ‘trade or transaction channel’?

A

Intangible flows between factory and wholesaler or consumer, like negotiations and buying and selling.

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9
Q

What does ‘postponement’ mean in logistics?

A

Delaying final product configuration until closer to the customer demand.

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10
Q

What is a ‘first-party logistics’ provider (1PL)?

A

A company that handles its own logistics.

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11
Q

What is a ‘third-party logistics’ provider (3PL)?

A

A company that provides outsourced logistics services.

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12
Q

What is a ‘fourth-party logistics’ provider (4PL)?

A

A company that manages other logistics service providers.

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13
Q

What is the ‘Traveling Salesman Problem’ (TSP)?

A

Finding the shortest possible route that visits each node and returns to the origin.

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14
Q

What is the ‘Vehicle Routing Problem’ (VRP)?

A

Determining optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles to serve multiple customers.

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15
Q

What is a ‘heuristic’ in the context of optimization?

A

A problem-solving approach that finds a good solution, but not necessarily the best one, in a reasonable time.

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16
Q

Describe the ‘savings heuristic’ for VRP.

A

A method to merge customers into routes based on how much is saved by combining them.

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17
Q

What are the key differences between strategic, tactical, and operational planning in logistics?

A

Strategic is long-term (3-5 years), tactical is mid-term (1-2 years), and operational is short-term (daily to 1 year).

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18
Q

What is the significance of a Bill of Materials (BOM)?

A

A list of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, and components needed to manufacture a product.

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19
Q

What does LCA stand for?

A

Life Cycle Assessment.

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20
Q

What is the focus of ‘reverse logistics’?

A

Managing the flow of goods from the consumer back to the manufacturer or supplier.

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21
Q

What is the difference between ‘trans-shipment’ and ‘flow-through’ in a distribution center?

A

Trans-shipment is when the order is already packaged for delivery, flow-through involves some sorting or break bulk when the order is received.

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22
Q

What is ‘merge-in-transit’?

A

Adding current inventory to an incoming order at the distribution center.

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23
Q

What are some of the external factors that affect distribution decisions?

A

Available modes of transport.

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24
Q

What are some of the key questions that need to be addressed when making distribution decisions?

A

How we transport our materials and goods, what mode of transport should we use?

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25
Q

What are the main goals of distribution planning according to Rushton et al.?

A

Meeting customer needs, striving for rewarding collaborations, reaching determined service levels, minimizing logistics and total costs, and getting fast and accurate information and feedback.

26
Q

What are the main packaging criteria for primary packaging?

A

Safety and protection of the product.

27
Q

What are the main packaging criteria for secondary packaging?

A

Display and marketing.

28
Q

What are the main packaging criteria for tertiary packaging?

A

Logistics and transportation.

29
Q

How can packaging affect transportation costs?

A

Through its size, weight, and protection level.

30
Q

How can packaging influence sustainability in logistics?

A

Through the amount of material used, recyclability and reusability.

31
Q

What is the goal of a strategic network planning model?

A

To maximize (long-term) profitability.

32
Q

What is the role of information systems in transportation?

A

To coordinate the transport system.

33
Q

Name four main transportation modes.

A

Road, air, sea, and rail.

34
Q

Which transport mode has the lowest cost per ton-kilometer?

A

Sea.

35
Q

Which transport mode has the fastest delivery time?

A

Air.

36
Q

Which transport mode is most flexible in routing and time?

A

Road.

37
Q

What are the main components of transport costs?

A

Direct transport costs, other transport costs, time and distance costs, and fixed costs.

38
Q

What are the different types of costs associated with terminals?

A

Fixed costs and variable costs.

39
Q

What are the main factors affecting transport pricing?

A

Volume of goods, fill rate, loading/unloading, density, weight/volume, and the physical form of goods.

40
Q

What is the significance of ‘time windows’ in urban logistics?

A

Limiting heavy transport times in cities.

41
Q

What is ‘off-hour/off-peak delivery’?

A

Deliveries made outside of normal business hours.

42
Q

What are the main challenges of last-mile logistics in e-commerce?

A

Time windows, access, and parking.

43
Q

How does e-commerce impact supply chain sustainability?

A

Can have both positive and negative impacts.

44
Q

How do returns affect inventory management?

A

By impacting the production rate, warehouse functions and the need for reverse logistics.

45
Q

According to Azzi et al. (2012), what are the five areas that drive packaging design?

A

Safety, marketing, logistics, sustainability and ergonomics.

46
Q

What are the main aspects considered in the vehicle routing problem?

A

A network of cities, a set of depots, customers with known demand, and capacitated vehicles.

47
Q

What is the goal of the basic vehicle routing problem (VRP)?

A

To minimize the cost of delivery.

48
Q

What are the main decision variables in the VRP model?

A

Whether a vehicle uses a link from i to j and whether customer i is served by vehicle k.

49
Q

What are the main constraints in the basic VRP?

A

Each customer is served by exactly one vehicle, vehicle capacities should be respected, and no tours can exist that do not connect to the depot.

50
Q

What is the role of the objective function in the VRP?

A

To minimize the costs associated with routes.

51
Q

What is the purpose of ‘subtour elimination constraints’ in TSP and VRP?

A

To ensure that the solution does not include disconnected loops.

52
Q

What is the difference between the TSP and VRP?

A

VRP is a generalization of TSP with multiple vehicles.

53
Q

What is a ‘core’ in cooperative game theory?

A

A set of cost allocations that are stable and no subset of players will choose to leave the collaboration.

54
Q

What is the ‘Shapley value’ in game theory?

A

A method to fairly allocate costs among players based on their marginal contribution.

55
Q

What is the ‘nearest neighbor’ heuristic for the TSP?

A

A simple approach that starts from a node and goes to the nearest node until all nodes have been visited.

56
Q

What is meant by “imputation” in cost allocation?

A

A way to allocate costs in a coalition.

57
Q

What are some of the challenges associated with off-hour deliveries?

A

Industry segments, incentives, and financing.

58
Q

What does “urbanization” mean and how does it affect logistics?

A

The process of people migrating to urban areas, which leads to an increase in demand for transportation and logistics services.

59
Q

What are the main differences between a physical distribution channel and a trade or transaction channel?

A

The former focuses on the physical movement of goods, the latter on the intangible flows.

60
Q

What are the main challenges associated with e-trade in the context of logistics?

A

High level of returns, consolidation planning, inventory management and the need for fast deliveries.

TNK124 (4 decks)

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