Teori2

Question 1

What is the main goal of distribution management?

Answer 1

To efficiently move goods from production to consumption points while minimizing costs and maximizing customer satisfaction.

Question 2

Name three dimensions of sustainability in logistics.

Answer 2

Environmental, Social, and Economical.

Question 3

What does ‘city logistics’ refer to?

Answer 3

Goods transport within urban areas, including service, construction, waste, and private transports.

Question 4

Define ‘multimodal transport’.

Answer 4

Combining several types of transport to use the most efficient mode for each part of the journey.

Question 5

What is cross-docking in a distribution center?

Answer 5

Unloading inbound goods and immediately reloading them for outbound delivery, with or without registration in inventory.

Question 6

What are ‘Incoterms’?

Answer 6

International commercial terms defining responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade.

Question 7

What is a ‘physical distribution channel’?

Answer 7

The method used to distribute goods from the point of production to the point of consumption.

Question 8

What is a ‘trade or transaction channel’?

Answer 8

Intangible flows between factory and wholesaler or consumer, like negotiations and buying and selling.

Question 9

What does ‘postponement’ mean in logistics?

Answer 9

Delaying final product configuration until closer to the customer demand.

Question 10

What is a ‘first-party logistics’ provider (1PL)?

Answer 10

A company that handles its own logistics.

Question 11

What is a ‘third-party logistics’ provider (3PL)?

Answer 11

A company that provides outsourced logistics services.

Question 12

What is a ‘fourth-party logistics’ provider (4PL)?

Answer 12

A company that manages other logistics service providers.

Question 13

What is the ‘Traveling Salesman Problem’ (TSP)?

Answer 13

Finding the shortest possible route that visits each node and returns to the origin.

Question 14

What is the ‘Vehicle Routing Problem’ (VRP)?

Answer 14

Determining optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles to serve multiple customers.

Question 15

What is a ‘heuristic’ in the context of optimization?

Answer 15

A problem-solving approach that finds a good solution, but not necessarily the best one, in a reasonable time.

Question 16

Describe the ‘savings heuristic’ for VRP.

Answer 16

A method to merge customers into routes based on how much is saved by combining them.

Question 17

What are the key differences between strategic, tactical, and operational planning in logistics?

Answer 17

Strategic is long-term (3-5 years), tactical is mid-term (1-2 years), and operational is short-term (daily to 1 year).

Question 18

What is the significance of a Bill of Materials (BOM)?

Answer 18

A list of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, and components needed to manufacture a product.

Question 19

What does LCA stand for?

Answer 19

Life Cycle Assessment.

Question 20

What is the focus of ‘reverse logistics’?

Answer 20

Managing the flow of goods from the consumer back to the manufacturer or supplier.

Question 21

What is the difference between ‘trans-shipment’ and ‘flow-through’ in a distribution center?

Answer 21

Trans-shipment is when the order is already packaged for delivery, flow-through involves some sorting or break bulk when the order is received.

Question 22

What is ‘merge-in-transit’?

Answer 22

Adding current inventory to an incoming order at the distribution center.

Question 23

What are some of the external factors that affect distribution decisions?

Answer 23

Available modes of transport.

Question 24

What are some of the key questions that need to be addressed when making distribution decisions?

Answer 24

How we transport our materials and goods, what mode of transport should we use?

Question 25

What are the main goals of distribution planning according to Rushton et al.?

Answer 25

Meeting customer needs, striving for rewarding collaborations, reaching determined service levels, minimizing logistics and total costs, and getting fast and accurate information and feedback.

Question 26

What are the main packaging criteria for primary packaging?

Answer 26

Safety and protection of the product.

Question 27

What are the main packaging criteria for secondary packaging?

Answer 27

Display and marketing.

Question 28

What are the main packaging criteria for tertiary packaging?

Answer 28

Logistics and transportation.

Question 29

How can packaging affect transportation costs?

Answer 29

Through its size, weight, and protection level.

Question 30

How can packaging influence sustainability in logistics?

Answer 30

Through the amount of material used, recyclability and reusability.

Question 31

What is the goal of a strategic network planning model?

Answer 31

To maximize (long-term) profitability.

Question 32

What is the role of information systems in transportation?

Answer 32

To coordinate the transport system.

Question 33

Name four main transportation modes.

Answer 33

Road, air, sea, and rail.

Question 34

Which transport mode has the lowest cost per ton-kilometer?

Answer 34

Sea.

Question 35

Which transport mode has the fastest delivery time?

Answer 35

Air.

Question 36

Which transport mode is most flexible in routing and time?

Answer 36

Road.

Question 37

What are the main components of transport costs?

Answer 37

Direct transport costs, other transport costs, time and distance costs, and fixed costs.

Question 38

What are the different types of costs associated with terminals?

Answer 38

Fixed costs and variable costs.

Question 39

What are the main factors affecting transport pricing?

Answer 39

Volume of goods, fill rate, loading/unloading, density, weight/volume, and the physical form of goods.

Question 40

What is the significance of 'time windows' in urban logistics?

Answer 40

Limiting heavy transport times in cities.

Question 41

What is 'off-hour/off-peak delivery'?

Answer 41

Deliveries made outside of normal business hours.

Question 42

What are the main challenges of last-mile logistics in e-commerce?

Answer 42

Time windows, access, and parking.

Question 43

How does e-commerce impact supply chain sustainability?

Answer 43

Can have both positive and negative impacts.

Question 44

How do returns affect inventory management?

Answer 44

By impacting the production rate, warehouse functions and the need for reverse logistics.

Question 45

According to Azzi et al. (2012), what are the five areas that drive packaging design?

Answer 45

Safety, marketing, logistics, sustainability and ergonomics.

Question 46

What are the main aspects considered in the vehicle routing problem?

Answer 46

A network of cities, a set of depots, customers with known demand, and capacitated vehicles.

Question 47

What is the goal of the basic vehicle routing problem (VRP)?

Answer 47

To minimize the cost of delivery.

Question 48

What are the main decision variables in the VRP model?

Answer 48

Whether a vehicle uses a link from i to j and whether customer i is served by vehicle k.

Question 49

What are the main constraints in the basic VRP?

Answer 49

Each customer is served by exactly one vehicle, vehicle capacities should be respected, and no tours can exist that do not connect to the depot.

Question 50

What is the role of the objective function in the VRP?

Answer 50

To minimize the costs associated with routes.

Question 51

What is the purpose of 'subtour elimination constraints' in TSP and VRP?

Answer 51

To ensure that the solution does not include disconnected loops.

Question 52

What is the difference between the TSP and VRP?

Answer 52

VRP is a generalization of TSP with multiple vehicles.

Question 53

What is a 'core' in cooperative game theory?

Answer 53

A set of cost allocations that are stable and no subset of players will choose to leave the collaboration.

Question 54

What is the 'Shapley value' in game theory?

Answer 54

A method to fairly allocate costs among players based on their marginal contribution.

Question 55

What is the 'nearest neighbor' heuristic for the TSP?

Answer 55

A simple approach that starts from a node and goes to the nearest node until all nodes have been visited.

Question 56

What is meant by "imputation" in cost allocation?

Answer 56

A way to allocate costs in a coalition.

Question 57

What are some of the challenges associated with off-hour deliveries?

Answer 57

Industry segments, incentives, and financing.

Question 58

What does "urbanization" mean and how does it affect logistics?

Answer 58

The process of people migrating to urban areas, which leads to an increase in demand for transportation and logistics services.

Question 59

What are the main differences between a physical distribution channel and a trade or transaction channel?

Answer 59

The former focuses on the physical movement of goods, the latter on the intangible flows.

Question 60

What are the main challenges associated with e-trade in the context of logistics?

Answer 60

High level of returns, consolidation planning, inventory management and the need for fast deliveries.