Tentafrågor 1-10

Question 1

A simple regression analysis generates the following equation based on unstandardized
regression coefficients: Y = 8.5 + .5*X. How much does the scores on Y increase for
every one unit increase in the values of X?

a. 9
b. 8.5
c. .5
d. None of the above

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the most appropriate interpretation of one of the estimates from the following
regression equation ( = 6.5 + 1.43X)?

a. For every one unit change in Y, there is a 1.43 unit change in predicted X
b. For every one unit change in X, there is a 6.5 unit change in predicted Y
c. When X is equal to zero, the predicted value of Y will be equal to 6.5
d. When X is equal to 1.43, the predicted value of Y will be 6.5

Answer 2

c

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding multiple regression is true?

a. The outcome variable is expected to be measured without error
b. The predictor variables are expected to be measured without error
c. The predictor variables are expected to be uncorrelated among each other
d. All of the above statements are true
e. None of the above statements are true

Answer 3

d

Question 4

A researcher, based on his regression analysis, generated the following equation to
summarize his findings: = 2.83 + .78X1 – .26X2 + .04*X3
Which of the following is correct about this regression equation?

a. The researcher has three predictor variables in the model
b. The researcher has three outcome variables in the model
c. The researcher found non-significant effect of X3 on the outcome
d. The researcher found a significant effect of X1 on the outcome

Answer 4

a

Question 5

Which of the following statements is an example of a mediation effect?

a. As variable X changes, variable Y also changes
b. The effect of variables X and Z on variable Y changes depending on sample size
c. The effect of variable X on variable Y changes depending on different levels of
variable Z
d. None of the above

Answer 5

d

Question 6

Baron and Kenny (1986) described several requirements to conclude for the presence of
a mediation effect. Which of the following is not one of these requirements?

a. The mediator should be correlated with the outcome variable
b. The predictor should be correlated with the outcome variables
c. The predictor should be correlated to with the mediator
d. The association between the predictor and the outcome should vary at different
levels of the mediator

Answer 6

d

Question 7

A researcher wants to examine if a parent training program prevents development of
depressive symptoms among young parents. She hypothesized that the program could be
less effective for parents who has a child with chronic health problems, whereas the
program could be more effective for parents whose child has no health problems. Which
statistical analysis method can be used to examine her hypothesis regarding the potential
role of child health?

a. Chi-square analysis
b. Multiple regression analysis
c. Moderated regression analysis
d. Mediation analysis

Answer 7

c

Question 8

A researcher reported her results:
“Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the role of problem-focused
coping style in predicting work related stress. In the first step, age, sex, education, and
occupational status were entered into the model to control for the role of demographic
variables. In the second step, problem-focused coping style was entered to the model to
predict the level of work-related stress above and beyond the role of demographic
variables. The results suggested that problem-focused coping style significantly predicted
18% of the variations in work-related stress above and beyond the role of demographic
variables, F(5, 1312) = 12.74, p < .001. In addition[rest of the results is not presented]
Based on the available information, what can you say about these results?

a. She could not enter age, sex, education, and occupational status into the model in
the first step
b. She must have reported the F-test for the overall R2 value of the model
c. She must have reported the robust F-test as the significance test of the R2
d. She must have run mediation analysis to answer her question
e. She better not use education and occupational status as control variables at the
same time

Answer 8

b

Question 9

Spring re-exam 2023
A researcher has been studying the interplay between heart rate, body temperature, and
anxiety symptoms. Using standard medical devices, he measured heart rate and body
temperature. He used the standardized, 20-item trait anxiety inventory to measure anxiety
symptoms of her participants (N = 59). He wanted to use hierarchical cluster analysis to
analyze the data to identify if there are naturally occurring groups of people with
different levels of heart rate, body temperature, and anxiety symptoms. The correlations
among these three variables are below.

Which of the following statement can be made based on the scenario and the correlation
table above?

a. He cannot use cluster analysis with three variables. Cluster analysis is only for 2
variables at a time.
b. He cannot use these variables in the same cluster analysis because one of the
measures is a self-report, and the other two are physiological measures.
c. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients suggest that these variables could be
used as cluster indicators in the same analysis.
d. The correlation coefficients among the cluster indicators must be statistically
significant to run a cluster analysis. Thus, he should not use cluster analysis.

Answer 9

c

Question 10

A simple regression analysis generates the following equation: Y = 2.5 + 1.5*X + e. How
much does the scores on Y increase for every one unit increase in the values of X?

a. 2.5
b. 1.5
c. 4
d. None of the above

Answer 10

b

Question 11

What is the most appropriate interpretation of one of the estimates from the following
regression equation ( = 6.5 + .43X)?

a. For every one unit change in Y, there is a .43 unit change in predicted X
b. For every one unit change in X, there is a 6.5 unit change in predicted Y
c. When X is equal to zero, the predicted value of Y will be equal to 6.5
d. When X is equal to .43, the predicted value of Y will be 6.5

Answer 11

c

Question 12

Which of the following statements regarding multiple regression is true?

a. The outcome variable is assumed to be measured without error
b. The predictor variables are assumed to be measured without error
c. The predictor variables are assumed to correlated among each other
d. All of the above statements are true

Answer 12

?

Question 13

A researcher, based on his regression analysis, generated the following equation to
summarize his findings: = 2.83 + .78X1 – .26X2 + .04*X3
Which of the following is correct about this regression equation?

a. The researcher has three predictor variables in the model
b. The researcher has three outcome variables in the model
c. The researcher found non-significant effect of X3 on the outcome
d. The researcher found a significant effect of X1 on the outcome

Answer 13

a

Question 14

Which of the following statements is an example of a mediation effect?

a. As variable X changes, variable Y also changes
b. The effect of variables X and Z on variable Y changes depending on sample size
c. The effect of variable X on variable Y changes depending on different levels of
variable Z
d. None of the above

Answer 14

d

Question 15

Baron and Kenny (1986) described several requirements to conclude for the presence of
a mediation effect. Which of the following is not one of these requirements?

a. The mediator should be correlated with the outcome variable
b. The predictor should be correlated with the outcome variables
c. The predictor should be correlated to with the mediator
d. The association between the predictor and the outcome should vary at different
levels of the mediator

Answer 15

d

Question 16

A researcher wants to examine if a parent training program prevents development of
depressive symptoms among young parents. She hypothesized that the program could be
less effective for parents who has a child with chronic health problems, whereas the
program could be more effective for parents whose child has no health problems. Which
statistical analysis method can be used to examine her hypothesis regarding the potential
role of child health?

a. Chi-square analysis
b. Multiple regression analysis
c. Moderated regression analysis
d. Mediation analysis

Answer 16

c

Question 17

A researcher reported her results:
“Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the role of problem-focused
coping style in predicting work related stress. In the first step, age, sex, education, and
occupational status were entered into the model to control for the role of demographic
variables. In the second step, problem-focused coping style was entered to the model to
predict the level of work-related stress above and beyond the role of demographic
variables. The results suggested that problem-focused coping style significantly predicted
18% of the variations in work-related stress above and beyond the role of demographic
variables, F(5, 1312) = 12.74, p < .001. In addition, .…[rest of the results is not
presented]……….”
Based on the available information, what can you say about these results?

a. She could not enter age, sex, education, and occupational status into the model in
the first step
b. She must have reported the F-test for the overall R2 value of the model
c. She must have reported the robust F-test as the significance test of the R2
d. She must have run mediation analysis to answer her question
e. She better not use education and occupational status as control variables at the
same time

Answer 17

b

Question 18

A researcher has been studying the interplay between heart rate, body temperature, and
anxiety symptoms. Using standard medical devices, he measured heart rate and body
temperature. He used the standardized, 20-item trait anxiety inventory to measure anxiety
symptoms of her participants (N = 59). He wanted to use hierarchical cluster analysis to
analyze the data to identify if there are naturally occurring groups of people with
different levels of heart rate, body temperature, and anxiety symptoms. The correlations
among these three variables are below.

Which of the following statement can be made based on the scenario and the correlation
table above?

a. He cannot use cluster analysis with three variables. Cluster analysis is only for 2
variables at a time.
b. He cannot use these variables in the same cluster analysis because one of the
measures is a self-report, and the other two are physiological measures.
c. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients suggest that these variables could be
used as cluster indicators in the same analysis.
d. The correlation coefficients among the cluster indicators must be statistically
significant to run a cluster analysis. Thus, he should not use cluster analysis.

Answer 18

c

Question 19

In a multiple regression model, intercept refers to …..

a. the value that the predictor variables get when the outcome variable is equal to
zero
b. the value that the outcome variable gets when the predictor variables are equal to
zero
c. the value that the outcome variable gets when the error coefficient is zero
d. the value that the outcome variable gets when the predictor variables do not
significantly predict the outcome

Answer 19

B

Question 20

In analysis of variance (ANOVA), what does homogeneity of variance refer to?

a. It refers to that the variation in the dependent variable is equivalent across the
participants
b. It refers to that the variation in the predictor variable is equivalent across the
dependent variable
c. It refers to that the variation in the dependent variable is due to error in the
measurement
d. It refers to that the variation in the dependent variable is equivalent across the
levels of the predictor variable

Answer 20

? (inte A)

Question 21

A researcher is interested in estimating the proportion of the variation in children’s
height that is explained by the mothers’ and fathers’ height. Which of the following
statistical analysis methods can this researcher use?

a. The researcher can use multivariate analysis of variance
b. The researcher can use paired-samples t-test
c. The researcher can use multiple linear regression
d. The researcher can use hierarchical cluster analysis

Answer 21

C

Question 22

A researcher, based on his regression analysis, generated the following equation to
summarize his findings: = 2.83 + 1.88X1 + .48X2 + .01*X3
Which of the following is correct about this regression equation?

a. The researcher has three outcome variables in the model
b. The researcher has two significant and one non-significant effect in the model
c. The researcher used unstandardized regression coefficients to white this formula
d. The researcher found a positive effect on the outcome

Answer 22

? (inte D)

Question 23

Which of the following statements is an example of a mediation effect?

a. As variable X changes, variable Y also changes
b. The effect of variables X and Z on variable Y changes depending on sample size
c. The effect of variable X on variable Y changes depending on different levels of
variable Z
d. None of the above

Answer 23

D

Question 24

Baron and Kenny (1986) described several requirements to conclude for the presence of
a mediation effect. Which of the following is not one of these requirements?

a. The mediator should be significantly associated to the outcome variable
b. The association between the predictor and the outcome variable should be nonsignificant
c. The predictor should be significantly associated to mediator
d. The association between the predictor and the outcome should be non-significant
when the mediator is included in the model

Answer 24

B(If by in answer D you mean that the mediator is controlled for) The predictor should be
associated with the outcome variable, but not when the mediator is controlled for.

Question 25

A researcher wants to examine if a parent training program prevents depressive
symptoms among young parents. She administered a 6-week program to an intervention
condition. Her main research question was to understand the mediating mechanisms that
may explain the association between participation in intervention and changes in
depressive symptoms. How can she test the differences in the key outcome measures
between the intervention and control condition before the intervention starts?

a. Chi-square analysis
b. One-way analysis of variance
c. Mediation analysis
d. Moderation analysis

Answer 25

B

Question 26

Two students wrote in their Master’s thesis:
“Factorial ANOVA results showed that girls in 3th grade had significantly superior
reading scores than boys, F(1, 3250) = 3.21, p < .001, η2 = .01. However, understanding
this major difference between girls and boys needs further research that examine the
underlying reasons for why girls have superior readings skills than boys.”
Their supervisor criticized this conclusion and requested a revision. What could be a
potential reason for the supervisor’s criticism?

a. The p-value does not suggest a large effect of gender on the outcome measure
b. The effect size estimate does not suggest a large effect of gender on the outcome
measure
c. Degrees of freedom for effect should be 2 because they compared 2 groups
d. They did not follow the APA Style guidelines in reporting their results

Answer 26

B

Question 27

A researcher used mixed-ANOVA model to test whether her intervention led to reduction
in depressive symptoms among young men. She had collected data from n = 25 young
men who participated in her 6-week group-based intervention at baseline (before the
intervention started), at post-test (after the intervention ended). She collected data using
the same measures from a control group of n = 25 young men at the same schedule that
she collected data from the control group. Then, she compared the levels of depressive
symptoms at baseline and at post-test across the intervention and control conditions. She
reported:
“One-way ANOVA results showed that there were no significant differences between the
intervention and control conditions at the baseline, F(1, 48) = .47, p = .49 whereas there
were significant differences between the intervention and control conditions at post-test,
F(1, 32) = 8.12, p = .008.”
Reading this report, what can you conclude?

a. She should have used repeated measures ANOVA
b. She has weak support for intervention effect because there were no differences at
baseline measure of depression
c. The participants in the intervention condition should have displayed lower
depressive symptoms at post-test
d. Some of the participants should have dropped out of the study at post-test

Answer 27

? (inte C)

Question 28

In a multiple regression model, what may increase the proportion of variance that is
explained in the outcome by the predictor variables?

a. Increasing the sample size
b. Including more predictor variables that are related to each other and to the
outcome into the model
c. Including more predictor variables that are related to the outcome but not related
to each other into the model
d. Increasing the variation in the predictor variables

Answer 28

C

Question 29

A simple regression analysis generates the following equation: Y = 4.5 + 2.5*X + e. How
much does the scores on Y increase for every one unit increase in the values of X?

a. 2.5
b. 4.5
c. 0
d. None of the above

Answer 29

a

Question 30

2. What is the most appropriate interpretation of one of the estimates from the following
   regression equation ( = 6.5 + .43X)?

a. For every one unit change in Y, there is a .43 unit change in predicted X
b. For every one unit change in X, there is a 6.5 unit change in predicted Y
c. When X is equal to zero, the predicted value of Y will be equal to 6.5
d. When X is equal to .43, the predicted value of Y will be 6.5

Answer 30

c

Question 31

3. Which of the following statements regarding multiple regression is true?

Which of the following statements regarding multiple regression is true?

a. The outcome variable is assumed to be measured without error
b. The predictor variables are assumed to be measured without error
c. The predictor variables are assumed to correlated among each other
d. All of the above statements are true

Answer 31

B

Question 32

A researcher collected data from men to examine the association between divorce and
loneliness. He hypothesized that “going through divorce would negatively predict social
support and in turn, divorce would predict higher levels of loneliness among men.” Then,
the researcher, to test his hypothesis, decided to run a moderation analysis to examine if
social support moderated the effect of divorce on men’s feelings of
loneliness. What can
you say about the researcher’s hypothesis?
a. It is not likely that this researcher’s hypothesis will be supported
b. The researcher cannot test this hypothesis using a moderation analysis
c. The researcher cannot measure divorce using a reliable measure
d. The researcher should include gender as a control variable in this analysis to
properly test his hypothesis

Answer 32

B

Question 33

A researcher, based on his regression analysis, generated the following equation to
summarize his findings: = 2.83 + .78X1 – .26X2 + .04*X3
Which of the following is correct about this regression equation?

a. The researcher has three predictor variables in the model
b. The researcher has three outcome variables in the model
c. The researcher found non-significant effect of X3 on the outcome
d. The researcher found a significant effect of X1 on the outcome

Answer 33

A

Question 34

7. A researcher designed a study to examine the efficacy of a group-based intervention to
   help young adults with sleep problems. She randomly assigned half of the participants into
   a control condition and the other half into an intervention condition. She assessed all the
   participants before the intervention, after the intervention, and 6 months after the end of
   the intervention. Then, she used a mixed-ANOVA analysis to test whether the sleep
   quality changed over time in different ways in the intervention and control conditions.
   She reported her findings: “The results suggested that sleep quality improved significantly
   more in the intervention group than it did improve in the control group, F(2, 378) = 92.15,
   p < .001.”
   In the results above, what does the number 378 refer to?

a. It refers to the sample size of the analysis.
b. It refers to the error degrees of freedom in the analysis.
c. It refers to the differences in the change of sleep quality between the intervention
group and control groups.
d. It refers to the mean squared differences for the interaction effect.

Answer 34

B

Question 35

In mixed-ANOVA models, which of the following effect might provide a misleading
conclusion regarding the data?

a. The within-subject effect
b. The interaction between within-subject effect and between subject effect
c. The between-subject effect
d. The effect of overtime changes

Answer 35

c

Question 36

A researcher conducted interviews with 54 adults who have been admitted to a hospital
for chronic pain. The interviews included questions regarding the experiences of pain,
reactions to pain, and the participants’ satisfaction with the health services at the hospital.
All interviews were audio recorded and then transcribed for analysis. She decided to use
thematic analysis to analyze the interview content.
Which of the following statement does not represent what this researcher should do in her
analysis?

a. Reading and re-reading the interviews to familiarize herself
b. Identifying the codes in the interviews
c. Factor analyzing the codes to form themes that summarize the codes
d. Developing clear names and definitions of the themes

Answer 36

c.

Question 37

Why extreme scores in cluster analysis are a major concern?

a. Extreme scores often reported by research participants who do not respond to
surveys honestly
b. Extreme scores result in violation of homogeneity of variation
c. Extreme scores result in identifying very small clusters that only includes those
who reported extreme scores
d. Extreme scores lead to high correlation between cluster indicators, which is highly
undesirable in cluster analysis

Answer 37

c.