Tenta 4/11

Question 1

Intuition - acquiring knowledge

Answer 1

Simply feeling or knowing certain things

Question 2

Tenacity - acquiring knowledge

Answer 2

Willingness to accept ideas without proper reasoning

Question 3

Authority - acquiring knowledge

Answer 3

Accepting ideas as valid as they come from an authority

Question 4

Rationalism - acquiring knowledge

Answer 4

Acquiring knowledge by reasoning, using existing information/deduct new information

Question 5

Empiricism - acquiring knowledge

Answer 5

Gaining knowledge by observation

Question 6

Sophisticated empiricism - acquiring knowledge

Answer 6

You have never seen a virus, but you can assert its existence in other ways

Question 7

Naive empiricism - acquiring knowledge

Answer 7

Is not always valid, if you haven’t seen a virus it doesn’t exist

Question 8

Prediction - goals of science

Answer 8

Being able to predict and foretell what will happen

Question 9

Explanation - goals of science

Answer 9

Being able to understand and explain the underlying mechanisms and causes

Question 10

Application - goals of science

Answer 10

Being able to use the knowledge to solve real world problems

Question 11

What is positive psychology?

Answer 11

A stream within psychology aiming at investigating the factors of weed-being

Question 12

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 12

Anatomical studies

Question 13

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 13

Dissected nerves and the brain

Question 14

Rene Descartes

Answer 14

The relationship of the body/brain and mind

Question 15

Frantz Josef Gall

Answer 15

Phrenology, the brain contains areas with discrete functions

Question 16

Functional localization

Answer 16

Suggests that different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions, Paul Broca (speech region)

Question 17

Weber-Fechner law

Answer 17

The relationship between the physical stimulus and the psychological experience

Question 18

Cognitive revolution

Answer 18

Rise of new approaches to study mind and cognition

Question 19

Facts

Answer 19

Events that we can observe directly and repeatedly, each scientific discipline has its particular kind of facts

Question 20

Observation

Answer 20

As an empirical process to recognize and read the facts

Question 21

Constructs

Answer 21

Idea construted by the researcher to explain observed events

Question 22

Deductive reasoning

Answer 22

From idea to observation

Question 23

Inductive reasoning

Answer 23

From observation to idea

Question 24

Phases of the research process

Answer 24

Generating ideas, define the problem, procedures, observation, analysis, interpretation (conclusion), communication

Question 25

Naturalistic observation - levels of constraint

Answer 25

Observing the participants in their natural environment

Question 26

Case study - levels of constraint

Answer 26

Observing and following and individual in an intense and focused way, more constrained than the naturalistic condition

Question 27

Differential research - levels of constraint

Answer 27

Compare two or more groups defined by a certain feature, which already exists, highly constrained

Question 28

Experimental research - levels of constraint

Answer 28

Assigning participants randomly into groups and then testing each group in a different condition

Question 29

Heuristic influence

Answer 29

To use a practical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal/rational but sufficient

Question 30

Systematic influence

Answer 30

A study that provides testable predictions and generates new ideas for further studies

Question 31

Basic research - types of research

Answer 31

Investigates the fundamental aspects (mechanisms, processes, etc) without intentions to use it in the real world

Question 32

Applied research - types of research

Answer 32

Investigates the possibilities how to make changes in the real world

Question 33

Translational research - types of research

Answer 33

Something in between basic and applied research

Question 34

Independent variable

Answer 34

The factor you manipulate, like criterion for groups

Question 35

Dependent variable

Answer 35

The factor you record from the group, like the measured response

Question 36

Extraneous variable

Answer 36

Uncontrollable variables, more present in low-constrained research

Question 37

Beneficence - Belmont report

Answer 37

Minimize risk and maximize benefits

Question 38

Autonomy - Belmont report

Answer 38

Participant has the right to decide

Question 39

Justice - Belmont report

Answer 39

Risks and benefits have to be shared by society

Question 40

Nominal - scales of measurement

Answer 40

Lowest measurement, a categorical sorting

Question 41

Ordinal - scales of measurement

Answer 41

Values can be ranked or ordered, but does not show the actual distance

Question 42

Interval - scales of measurement

Answer 42

Values are ordered, the distance between the ranks is meaningful, there is no absolute zero

Question 43

Ratio - scales of measurement

Answer 43

Like the interval scale, but there is a meaningful difference between the ranks and there is an absolute zero

Question 44

Operational definition

Answer 44

Is a definition of a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure and/or manipulate it

Question 45

Predictive validity

Answer 45

How well our measure predicts a future event

Question 46

Criterion

Answer 46

Variable to be predicted

Question 47

Predictor

Answer 47

Variable predicting the criterion

Question 48

Concurrent validity

Answer 48

Is my new predictor as good as the already established one?

Question 49

Test-retest reliability

Answer 49

Repeating the measures should give the same reults

Question 50

Internal-consistency reliability

Answer 50

Internal-consistency reliability is high if each item/observation correlates with the others, if all the items are measuring the same thing

Question 51

Interrater-reliability

Answer 51

Two (or more) observers measure the same thing without knowing what the other one is measuring

Question 52

Effective range

Answer 52

Is what we want to measure in the range of our measurement?

Question 53

Scale attenuation effect

Answer 53

Restricted scale makes measurements huddle in one direction

Question 54

Floor effect

Answer 54

Measurements restricted on the lower end

Question 55

Ceiling effect

Answer 55

Measurements restricted on the higher end

Question 56

Variable

Answer 56

A set of events with different values