Tenta 4/11 Flashcards
Intuition - acquiring knowledge
Simply feeling or knowing certain things
Tenacity - acquiring knowledge
Willingness to accept ideas without proper reasoning
Authority - acquiring knowledge
Accepting ideas as valid as they come from an authority
Rationalism - acquiring knowledge
Acquiring knowledge by reasoning, using existing information/deduct new information
Empiricism - acquiring knowledge
Gaining knowledge by observation
Sophisticated empiricism - acquiring knowledge
You have never seen a virus, but you can assert its existence in other ways
Naive empiricism - acquiring knowledge
Is not always valid, if you haven’t seen a virus it doesn’t exist
Prediction - goals of science
Being able to predict and foretell what will happen
Explanation - goals of science
Being able to understand and explain the underlying mechanisms and causes
Application - goals of science
Being able to use the knowledge to solve real world problems
What is positive psychology?
A stream within psychology aiming at investigating the factors of weed-being
Leonardo da Vinci
Anatomical studies
Andreas Vesalius
Dissected nerves and the brain
Rene Descartes
The relationship of the body/brain and mind
Frantz Josef Gall
Phrenology, the brain contains areas with discrete functions
Functional localization
Suggests that different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions, Paul Broca (speech region)
Weber-Fechner law
The relationship between the physical stimulus and the psychological experience
Cognitive revolution
Rise of new approaches to study mind and cognition
Facts
Events that we can observe directly and repeatedly, each scientific discipline has its particular kind of facts
Observation
As an empirical process to recognize and read the facts
Constructs
Idea construted by the researcher to explain observed events
Deductive reasoning
From idea to observation
Inductive reasoning
From observation to idea
Phases of the research process
Generating ideas, define the problem, procedures, observation, analysis, interpretation (conclusion), communication
Naturalistic observation - levels of constraint
Observing the participants in their natural environment
Case study - levels of constraint
Observing and following and individual in an intense and focused way, more constrained than the naturalistic condition
Differential research - levels of constraint
Compare two or more groups defined by a certain feature, which already exists, highly constrained
Experimental research - levels of constraint
Assigning participants randomly into groups and then testing each group in a different condition
Heuristic influence
To use a practical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal/rational but sufficient
Systematic influence
A study that provides testable predictions and generates new ideas for further studies
Basic research - types of research
Investigates the fundamental aspects (mechanisms, processes, etc) without intentions to use it in the real world
Applied research - types of research
Investigates the possibilities how to make changes in the real world
Translational research - types of research
Something in between basic and applied research
Independent variable
The factor you manipulate, like criterion for groups
Dependent variable
The factor you record from the group, like the measured response
Extraneous variable
Uncontrollable variables, more present in low-constrained research
Beneficence - Belmont report
Minimize risk and maximize benefits
Autonomy - Belmont report
Participant has the right to decide
Justice - Belmont report
Risks and benefits have to be shared by society
Nominal - scales of measurement
Lowest measurement, a categorical sorting
Ordinal - scales of measurement
Values can be ranked or ordered, but does not show the actual distance
Interval - scales of measurement
Values are ordered, the distance between the ranks is meaningful, there is no absolute zero
Ratio - scales of measurement
Like the interval scale, but there is a meaningful difference between the ranks and there is an absolute zero
Operational definition
Is a definition of a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure and/or manipulate it
Predictive validity
How well our measure predicts a future event
Criterion
Variable to be predicted
Predictor
Variable predicting the criterion
Concurrent validity
Is my new predictor as good as the already established one?
Test-retest reliability
Repeating the measures should give the same reults
Internal-consistency reliability
Internal-consistency reliability is high if each item/observation correlates with the others, if all the items are measuring the same thing
Interrater-reliability
Two (or more) observers measure the same thing without knowing what the other one is measuring
Effective range
Is what we want to measure in the range of our measurement?
Scale attenuation effect
Restricted scale makes measurements huddle in one direction
Floor effect
Measurements restricted on the lower end
Ceiling effect
Measurements restricted on the higher end
Variable
A set of events with different values
