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Vetenskapliga grunder för positiv psykologi > Tenta 4/11 > Flashcards

Tenta 4/11 Flashcards

1
Q

Intuition - acquiring knowledge

A

Simply feeling or knowing certain things

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2
Q

Tenacity - acquiring knowledge

A

Willingness to accept ideas without proper reasoning

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3
Q

Authority - acquiring knowledge

A

Accepting ideas as valid as they come from an authority

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4
Q

Rationalism - acquiring knowledge

A

Acquiring knowledge by reasoning, using existing information/deduct new information

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5
Q

Empiricism - acquiring knowledge

A

Gaining knowledge by observation

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6
Q

Sophisticated empiricism - acquiring knowledge

A

You have never seen a virus, but you can assert its existence in other ways

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7
Q

Naive empiricism - acquiring knowledge

A

Is not always valid, if you haven’t seen a virus it doesn’t exist

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8
Q

Prediction - goals of science

A

Being able to predict and foretell what will happen

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9
Q

Explanation - goals of science

A

Being able to understand and explain the underlying mechanisms and causes

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10
Q

Application - goals of science

A

Being able to use the knowledge to solve real world problems

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11
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

A stream within psychology aiming at investigating the factors of weed-being

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12
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

Anatomical studies

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13
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

Dissected nerves and the brain

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14
Q

Rene Descartes

A

The relationship of the body/brain and mind

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15
Q

Frantz Josef Gall

A

Phrenology, the brain contains areas with discrete functions

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16
Q

Functional localization

A

Suggests that different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions, Paul Broca (speech region)

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17
Q

Weber-Fechner law

A

The relationship between the physical stimulus and the psychological experience

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18
Q

Cognitive revolution

A

Rise of new approaches to study mind and cognition

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19
Q

Facts

A

Events that we can observe directly and repeatedly, each scientific discipline has its particular kind of facts

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20
Q

Observation

A

As an empirical process to recognize and read the facts

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21
Q

Constructs

A

Idea construted by the researcher to explain observed events

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22
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

From idea to observation

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23
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

From observation to idea

24
Q

Phases of the research process

A

Generating ideas, define the problem, procedures, observation, analysis, interpretation (conclusion), communication

25
Q

Naturalistic observation - levels of constraint

A

Observing the participants in their natural environment

26
Q

Case study - levels of constraint

A

Observing and following and individual in an intense and focused way, more constrained than the naturalistic condition

27
Q

Differential research - levels of constraint

A

Compare two or more groups defined by a certain feature, which already exists, highly constrained

28
Q

Experimental research - levels of constraint

A

Assigning participants randomly into groups and then testing each group in a different condition

29
Q

Heuristic influence

A

To use a practical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal/rational but sufficient

30
Q

Systematic influence

A

A study that provides testable predictions and generates new ideas for further studies

31
Q

Basic research - types of research

A

Investigates the fundamental aspects (mechanisms, processes, etc) without intentions to use it in the real world

32
Q

Applied research - types of research

A

Investigates the possibilities how to make changes in the real world

33
Q

Translational research - types of research

A

Something in between basic and applied research

34
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor you manipulate, like criterion for groups

35
Q

Dependent variable

A

The factor you record from the group, like the measured response

36
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Uncontrollable variables, more present in low-constrained research

37
Q

Beneficence - Belmont report

A

Minimize risk and maximize benefits

38
Q

Autonomy - Belmont report

A

Participant has the right to decide

39
Q

Justice - Belmont report

A

Risks and benefits have to be shared by society

40
Q

Nominal - scales of measurement

A

Lowest measurement, a categorical sorting

41
Q

Ordinal - scales of measurement

A

Values can be ranked or ordered, but does not show the actual distance

42
Q

Interval - scales of measurement

A

Values are ordered, the distance between the ranks is meaningful, there is no absolute zero

43
Q

Ratio - scales of measurement

A

Like the interval scale, but there is a meaningful difference between the ranks and there is an absolute zero

44
Q

Operational definition

A

Is a definition of a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure and/or manipulate it

45
Q

Predictive validity

A

How well our measure predicts a future event

46
Q

Criterion

A

Variable to be predicted

47
Q

Predictor

A

Variable predicting the criterion

48
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Is my new predictor as good as the already established one?

49
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Repeating the measures should give the same reults

50
Q

Internal-consistency reliability

A

Internal-consistency reliability is high if each item/observation correlates with the others, if all the items are measuring the same thing

51
Q

Interrater-reliability

A

Two (or more) observers measure the same thing without knowing what the other one is measuring

52
Q

Effective range

A

Is what we want to measure in the range of our measurement?

53
Q

Scale attenuation effect

A

Restricted scale makes measurements huddle in one direction

54
Q

Floor effect

A

Measurements restricted on the lower end

55
Q

Ceiling effect

A

Measurements restricted on the higher end

56
Q

Variable

A

A set of events with different values

Vetenskapliga grunder för positiv psykologi (2 decks)

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